Researchers analyzing more than one million satellite images have discovered 4,000 square kilometers of tidal wetlands have been lost globally over twenty years – but ecosystem restoration and natural processes are playing a part in reducing total losses. TropWATER Dramatic loss of globe’s wetlands 12 May 2022 TropWATER BACK Dr Nicholas Murray, Senior Lecturer and head of James Cook University’s Global Ecology Lab, led the study. He said global change and human actions are driving rapid changes of tidal wetlands – tidal marshes, mangroves, and tidal flats – worldwide. “But efforts to estimate their current and future status at the global scale remain highly unclear due to uncertainty about how tidal wetlands respond to drivers of change. “We wanted to address that, so we developed a machine-learning analysis of vast archives of historical satellite images to detect the extent, timing, and type of change across the world’s tidal wetlands between 1999 and 2019,” said Dr Murray. TropWATER’s Nathan Waltham, and co-author on the study, said wetland loss in the Great Barrier Reef was a major concern. “Coastal wetlands provide many services such as habitat for fish, cultural values, carbon storage, and water quality,” said Dr. Waltham. “We are working closely with many partners including NRM groups, farmers, Land and Sea Ranger groups, government, and industry to protect and restore coastal wetlands at home here – but it is a big job and much work is needed.” Dr Murray said that globally, 13,700 square kilometers of tidal wetlands were lost, offset by gains of 9,700 square kilometers, leading to a net loss of 4,000 square kilometers over the two-decade period. “We found 27 percent of losses and gains were associated with direct human activities, such as conversion to agriculture and restoration of lost wetlands. All other changes were attributed to indirect drivers such as human impacts to river catchments, extensive development in the coastal zone, coastal subsidence, natural coastal processes, and climate change,” said Dr Murray. He said about three-quarters of the net global tidal wetland decrease happened in Asia, with almost 70 percent of that total concentrated in Indonesia, China, and Myanmar. “Asia is the global center of tidal wetland loss from direct human activities. These activities had a lesser role in the losses of tidal wetlands in Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Oceania, where coastal wetland dynamics were driven by indirect factors such as wetland migration, coastal modifications, and catchment change,” said Dr Murray. The scientists found that almost three-quarters of tidal wetland loss globally has been offset by establishing new tidal wetlands in areas where they formerly did not occur – with notable expansion in the Ganges and Amazon deltas. “Most new areas of tidal wetlands were the result of indirect drivers, highlighting the prominent role that broad-scale coastal processes have in maintaining tidal wetland extent and facilitating natural regeneration. This result indicates that we need to allow for the movement and migration of coastal wetlands to account for rapid global change,” said Dr Murray. He said over one billion people now live in low-elevation coastal areas globally. “Tidal wetlands are of immense importance to humanity, providing benefits such as carbon storage and sequestration, coastal protection, and fisheries enhancement. “Global-scale monitoring is now essential if we are going to manage changes in coastal environments effectively,” said Dr Murray. Next Previous

We are detecting threatened species in northern Australia, such as frogs, turtles, and fish, by refining eDNA techniques. Northern Australia Location Environmental DNA (eDNA) is a powerful tool for ecological monitoring that can indirectly detect rare or elusive species through genetic traces left behind in water or soil. We are refining eDNA field and laboratory techniques to detect threatened species in remote areas of northern Australia. These projects are supporting targeted conservation and management of northern Australia’s threatened species, including freshwater fish and turtles, endangered frogs, and sawfish. Key points Finding threatened species with eDNA BACK eDNA for indirect detection Many threatened and rare aquatic and semi-aquatic species call northern Australia home – but remote locations and challenging habitats make it difficult to locate many of these species using traditional survey methods. We are refining environmental DNA (eDNA) approaches to indirectly detect threatened species in remote northern Australian habitats using water samples. Our team is developing assays to identify tropical species of interest for conservation and testing user-friendly field methods, increasing the range of applications for this innovative ecological monitoring technique. These projects are supporting targeted conservation and management to protect northern Australia’s biodiversity. Threatened freshwater fish Extensive flooding after Tropical Cyclone Jasper in late 2023 had major impacts on waterways across the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area. The effects of this flooding on the rare and threatened native freshwater fish in the region – species already at risk from habitat degradation and competition from non-native fish – are currently unknown. We are using eDNA analysis alongside traditional survey methods to assess how recent flood events have impacted endangered populations of Bloomfield River cod. Our team will also investigate the preferred habitat, tropic relationships, life history, and genetics of this poorly understood species to identify potential risks for targeted management. Rare rainforest frogs Finding endangered rainforest frog populations presents a challenge for researchers; these frogs live in mountainous areas of dense vegetation, criss-crossed by rivers, creeks, and streams where frogs might be found. We developed assays to detect three frog species of interest – the lace-eyed tree frog, armoured mist frog, and waterfall frog – using eDNA. Our team also trialled the collection and analysis of unfiltered water samples, removing the need to filter large amounts of water on site. We successfully identified a small population of just 1,000 individual Litoria lorica frogs in the Carbine Tablelands from a sample collected over 20 kilometres downstream. Locating these endangered frog populations is an important first step for effective conservation planning. These results were published in PeerJ here . Elusive freshwater turtle Irwin’s turtle was first recorded in the Burdekin River catchment in the early 1990s, but a lack of formal sightings for 25 years cast doubt on whether these turtles could still be found in the region. Environmental DNA methods were ideally suited for detecting this species, as the turtles are not easily trapped and live in murky waters in remote areas, making access difficult and underwater cameras ineffective. We partnered with Traditional Owners, government, and industry to survey the Burdekin, Bowen, and Broken Rivers in search of Irwin’s turtle in 2020-2021. The team collected water samples for eDNA analysis from 37 sites across the three river catchments, with some remote sites accessible only by helicopter. They successfully detected the turtle at several sites along the lower Burdekin, suggesting Irwin’s turtles may be able to survive in more turbid waters than previously thought. These results were published in BMC Ecology and Evolution here . Endangered sawfish Sawfish are endangered worldwide, but difficult to survey using traditional methods as they live in turbid, murky waters and remote habitats, requiring specialist equipment and highly trained staff. Environmental DNA offers a cost-effective alternative with the potential for simpler field methods, allowing Indigenous Rangers and communities to collect samples themselves. Historical sightings suggested sawfish could be living in a saltwater lake on Groote Eylandt in the Northern Territory. We collaborated with Anindilyakwa Land and Sea Rangers to collect water samples at four sites around the lake for eDNA analysis to identify large-toothed and dwarf sawfish. Samples were also collected by Mimal Land Management in Arnhem Land. Although no sawfish were detected at the lake on Groote Eylandt, this project demonstrated a user-friendly method for eDNA sample collection by non-specialists that has been used for other monitoring projects. Project details These projects are led by Professor Damien Burrows and Dr Cecilia Villacorta-Rath with funding from the National Environmental Science Program. The Bloomfield River cod project is led by Professor Mark Kennard of Griffith University. Research support Cecilia Villacorta-Rath Senior Research Officer cecilia.villacortarath@jcu.edu.au Damien Burrows Director, TropWATER Founder damien.burrows@jcu.edu.au Research leads

Nearly half the coral trout caught on the Great Barrier Reef originally come from no-take marine reserves. TropWATER Marine reserves boost Great Barrier Reef coral trout fisheries 10 March 2025 TropWATER BACK A new study has found that nearly half the coral trout caught on the Great Barrier Reef come from marine reserves – where protected fish grow larger and produce far more offspring. The research was led by Professor Michael Bode from QUT, co-authored by JCU TropWATER researchers Dr Maya Srinivasan and Dr Severine Choukroun and JCU’s Professor Geoffrey Jones. Dr Srinivasan said the Great Barrier Reef is protected by a network of marine reserves designed to conserve its biodiversity. “These reserves protect critical habitats for many species, including the coral grouper – also known as the coral trout – the reef's most valuable commercial fish. “Marine reserves make up less than a third of the reef area, but they account for 55% of coral trout reproduction and 47% of the catch,” said Dr Srinivasan. Professor Bode said the marine reserve network on the Great Barrier Reef is not just a tool for conservation, it’s a vital contributor to the sustainability of local fisheries and local jobs. “By protecting fish populations within these no-take zones, we not only safeguard biodiversity but also guarantee that there will be a new generation of fish on the reefs that are open to fishing. “This is a clear example of how protected areas can also benefit local communities and the economy, as well as the reef’s unique biodiversity,” said Professor Bode. The study was conducted by a team including researchers from James Cook University and the Australian Institute of Marine Science. It combined decades of fish surveys, genetic parentage analysis of coral trout populations, advanced oceanographic models, and high-resolution reef mapping to estimate coral trout reproductive output in the protected areas and their contribution to areas open to fishing. Dr Srinivasan contributed to the collection of genetic parentage data, while Dr Choukroun developed the statistical model for coral trout biomass. “Importantly, the findings show that despite marine reserves reducing the area available for commercial fishing, the network has a positive, amplifying effect on fishery yields. “On many reefs, the density of fish in reserves is two to three times higher than on fished reefs, resulting in a higher reproductive output and a more sustainable fishery." She said the study also highlights how all the reefs in the system benefit from the marine reserves, through higher larval supply. “Across the Great Barrier Reef nearly 95 per cent of reefs receive at least 30 per cent of their larvae from reserves, and 93 per cent of fished reefs benefit from at least 30 per cent of their catch originating from protected areas,” said Dr Srinivasan. Professor Bode said the study reinforces the idea that well-managed marine reserves can be a win-win for both conservation and the fishing industry. “The results provide clear guidance for future marine management efforts, showing that these reserves contribute significantly to sustainable fishery yields, as well as to the resilience of coral reef ecosystems,” said Professor Bode. The full study is available in Science Advances here . Next Previous

Good water quality is essential for the health of marine and freshwater ecosystems. When water quality declines, the resilience of these ecosystems weakens. Water quality: catchment to reef Impact of water quality and river plumes in the Great Barrier Reef For over two decades, we've studied how runoff from land and river plumes enter the Great Barrier Reef. Featured project READ MORE Good water quality is essential for the health of marine and freshwater ecosystems. When water quality declines, the resilience of these ecosystems weakens. We play a major role in monitoring the condition and tracking long-term trends of pollutants entering the Great Barrier Reef. We also work with growers, graziers and communities to help reduce runoff and improve on-farm practices. BACK We are trialling multispecies cover crops at eight sugarcane farms to measure the benefits for crop productivity, soil health, and pollinator biodiversity, supporting growers seeking sustainable approaches to nutrient management. Measuring the benefits of multispecies cover crops in sugarcane Research READ MORE COMING SOON Five years after widespread flooding in northwest Queensland, we assessed land and soil condition across grazing lands to better understand recovery and resilience. Post-2019 flood recovery of Mitchell Grass Downs grazing lands Research READ MORE COMING SOON Our program provides real-time nitrate data to growers in Great Barrier Reef catchments, helping them quickly adjust practices to reduce runoff. Water quality monitoring for growers using high-frequency sensors Community READ MORE COMING SOON Our researchers train and support tourism operators and communities in collecting data to better understand water clarity, nutrients, and temperature at key tourism sites. Whitsunday water quality monitoring: citizen science and ecotourism Community, Monitoring READ MORE COMING SOON We are producing new environmental and climate proxy records to provide a greater understanding of the Reef's disturbance history and long-term ecosystem evolution. Long-term environmental records across the Great Barrier Reef Research READ MORE COMING SOON We use multiple lines of evidence including water quality monitoring, tracing, modelling, and proxy-based data analysis, to a better understand of the catchment-to-marine connection. Pollutant sources, transport and fate across catchment to Reef Research READ MORE COMING SOON We are collaborating with extension staff throughout the Great Barrier Reef catchment to enhance their understanding of water quality science and how to effectively communicate it. Improving water quality science communication Community READ MORE COMING SOON This research uses satellite images and advanced remote sensing technology to map and monitor water quality conditions, including flood plumes, across expansive reef ecosystems. Large scale water quality monitoring using remote sensing Monitoring READ MORE COMING SOON By consolidating historical water quality data, we aim to uncover the spatial and temporal scope of existing monitoring efforts, enabling analysis of water quality trends across broader scales. Historical water quality database for the Great Barrier Reef Research READ MORE COMING SOON For over two decades, we've studied how runoff from land and river plumes enter the Great Barrier Reef. Impact of water quality and river plumes in the Great Barrier Reef Monitoring, Research READ MORE COMING SOON Our long-term environmental monitoring of port industries is extensive, covering coral, water quality, seagrass, and biodiversity. Long-term monitoring for port industries: coral, water quality, seagrass, and biodiversity Monitoring READ MORE COMING SOON Projects READ Highlighting the experiences of women in science 11 February 2026 READ Partnership advances marine science and port management 4 November 2025 READ Wetlands, agriculture and water quality 8 September 2025 READ Explainer: Flood plumes 17 August 2025 News Aaron Davis Principal Research Officer aaron.davis@jcu.edu.au Aaron Davis’ research broadly focuses on catchment water quality in northern Australia, particularly the role of anthropogenic (human) stressors in aquatic communities. One of his key research interests is identifying progressive agricultural practices that offer industry improvements from a natural resource management perspective, while also ensuring the long-term social and economic viability of farming enterprises. Aaron is also interested in better quantifying the temporal and spatial extent of water quality contamination in coastal freshwater and estuarine wetlands, particularly in regard to chronic, sub-lethal exposure to pollutants. Other research interests include landscape ecology in relation to wetland connectivity, and identifying primary production sources for aquatic communities and relationships to flow regime (for instance, dietary and isotopic ecology). Aaron’s research interests also span fish ecology, particularly size-related trophic ecology, and the evolutionary processes influencing the present-day Australasian fish fauna. This includes the biogeographic, phylogenetic and paleoecological drivers that have shaped the unique contemporary fish assemblage structure seen in Australian freshwaters. Barry Butler Principal Research Officer barry.butler@jcu.edu.au Barry is a limnological consultant with more than thirty years experience studying the relationships between ambient water quality, ecological health and anthropogenic pressures in the freshwater ecosystems of northern Australia. Since joining the current research group at TropWATER (formerly the Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research) in 1990 he has participated in numerous interdisciplinary contract research and consultancy projects for government agencies, resource managers, and industrial clients such as mines and refineries, and has authored in excess of 150 environmental monitoring reports for submission to State and Federal regulatory authorities. Ben Jarihani Principal Research Officer ben.jarihani@jcu.edu.au With a fervent commitment to advancing environmental science and water resources engineering, Ben brings a wealth of professional and research excellence to James Cook University. As a seasoned hydrologist and water engineer with over 25 years of industry experience, his expertise spans Environmental Earth Science, Water Resources Engineering, Catchment and Coastal Processes, and Environmental Modelling. Armed with a PhD in Hydrological Science from the University of Queensland and dual master's degrees in Water Resources Engineering and Remote Sensing/GIS, Ben possesses a robust educational foundation in environmental modelling. His multifaceted career has seen him successfully navigate diverse multidisciplinary research projects, utilising advanced modeling skills and spatial analysis. In addition to his research prowess, he has demonstrated a dedication to education, delivering courses on Hydrology, Natural Hazards, Geomorphology, Remote Sensing, and GIS at undergraduate and master's levels. Ben has actively mentored students and supervised numerous PhD and Honours candidates, showcasing his commitment to knowledge dissemination. His interests include water resources management and engineering, watershed management and water quality modelling, environmental modelling (including hydrological and hydrodynamic modelling), hydroinformatics, flood risk assessment and mitigation, water-energy-food nexus, ecohydrology, remote sensing applications in hydrology, natural disasters and resilience to climate extremes, and soil and gully erosion modelling and mapping. Caroline Petus Senior Research Officer caroline.petus@jcu.edu.au Caroline Petus is originally from the south-western coast of France. She completed her PhD (2009) at the University of Bordeaux (France) and moved to Australia in 2010. Caroline is interested in how Earth observation sciences can contribute to the conservation of natural resources. Her research focus on monitoring marine environments conditions and trends through the integration of in-situ and satellite data and on translating these spatial data into relevant information for management. One key focus is the monitoring of water quality, including the mapping of riverine plumes and land-sourced contaminants transport and the assessment of marine habitats exposure and risk to flood waters (seagrasses and coral reefs). Caroline loves showcasing satellite images to support scientific stories and is passionate about promoting and facilitating the use of Earth observation technologies in marine conservation. Caroline has 10 years of experience working in the Oceania region through TropWATER and is currently one of the principal investigators for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority project Reef Rescue Marine Monitoring Program ($4,340,656 over 11 years). Caroline was also an investigator in water quality and seagrass projects for the Department of the Environment, and for multidisciplinary research and monitoring projects in Australia and overseas. Cassandra James Senior Research Scientist cassandra.james@jcu.edu.au Cassie James is an experienced aquatic ecologist with a research interest in riparian and wetland vegetation. She specialises in using information technologies and GIS to collate, manage and analyse data and support ecological research. Cassie completed a Bachelor of Science in plant biology at the University of Wales, Bangor, before transitioning to Liverpool University to complete a PhD in 1999 investigating the dynamics of invasive aquatic plants. Following stints working in the Murray Darling Basin, China and south-east Queensland, Cassie moved to Townsville in 2012 to work on identifying climate refuges for freshwater biodiversity, joining TropWATER in 2013. Some of Cassie’s recent projects include conducting a review of water quality monitoring and evaluation for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN)-focused projects for the Great Barrier Reef Foundation, and managing the long-standing ambient monitoring for Defence at the Townsville Field Training Area. She has also been involved in a Queensland Department of Environment and Science project, compiling extensive historical water quality data into a single database that will be available to all researchers, modellers and end-users working in the Great Barrier Reef catchment area. Chris Williams Research Worker chris.williams@jcu.edu.au Chris Williams is a civil/environmental engineer with more than 35 years’ experience in assessment and management of water quality in riverine and coastal systems across northern Australia and south-east Asia. This experience spans process design and modelling, wastewater treatment, mine tailings disposal, riverine and estuarine geomorphology and environmental data management. Chris’ primary research focus is developing the Australian water quality management framework to account for spatial and temporal complexity in highly ephemeral, tropical drainage systems. Current work is seeing Chris designing and implementing Receiving Environment Monitoring Programs (REMPs), which support surface water management and regulatory compliance by external mining clients in Queensland and the Northern Territory. Annual REMP reporting, and associated surface water investigations, address the physical, chemical, and biological context to observed water quality outcomes, with the aim to distinguish potential mine influence from wider background variation. Chris has co-authored more than 70 major investigation reports in this area during his time at TropWATER. Jack Koci Senior Research Officer jack.koci@jcu.edu.au Dr Jack Koci is a Senior Research Officer at the Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), with over ten years’ experience working across university, government, and industry. Jack is committed to working collaboratively with community, industry, and government to deliver innovative and science-based solutions to challenges affecting agricultural and rangeland productivity, while preserving the health and function of natural landscapes, waterways, and biodiversity. Jack’s research is primarily focused on improving understanding of the causes, processes, impacts and management of land degradation in tropical agro-ecosystems. In this research, Jack combines detailed on-ground field studies, including soil, water, and vegetation monitoring, mapping and modelling, with broader scale remote sensing, including the use of drones and satellites. Prior to joining TropWATER, Jack worked as a Lecturer in the College of Science Engineering at James Cook University, Research Fellow at the University of the Sunshine Coast, Field Scientist at Seqwater, and Project Officer at the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). Jane Waterhouse Senior Research Officer jane.waterhouse@jcu.edu.au Jane is an environmental scientist with 26 years’ experience in Great Barrier Reef ‘catchment to reef’ water quality science and management. She specialises in the synthesis of scientific information to inform management decisions, reflected by her coordination or lead role in the 2008, 2013, 2017 and 2022 Scientific Consensus Statements. She has also been involved in several research projects involving water quality monitoring, modelling and analysis in the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait and has led the inshore water quality monitoring component of the Marine Monitoring Program at TropWATER since 2015. Jane has worked on several projects to guide government investment including development of end-of-catchment pollutant load reduction targets, assessment of the risk of water quality to sensitive ecosystems to guide spatial priorities, and coordination and input to several regional Water Quality Improvement Plans. She is an advisor to the Reef Trust Partnership Water Quality Program and is a member of several committees including the Reef 2050 Independent Expert Panel, the Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership Independent Science Panel and the Reef Credits Technical Advisory Committee. Luke Buono Research Worker luke.buono@jcu.edu.au As a Research Worker, Luke plays a pivotal role in advancing scientific endeavours by offering technical support to research scientists. His responsibilities encompass the selection and configuration of environmental monitoring equipment, overseeing the logistical operations of research experiments and projects, as well as designing workflows related to post-processing of research data and data quality analysis. Notably, Luke has been directly involved in the maintenance and installation of over twenty real-time nitrate-nitrogen monitoring stations across the wet tropics, making significant contributions to the Great Barrier Reef catchment-to-reef monitoring projects. Luke also strives to achieve cross-disciplinary visionary within project and research design by applying the theoretical and practical insights from various fields to generate novel and effective solutions to technical problems. His expertise further extends to designing data visualisation tools, establishing communication protocols and data acquisition services, programming embedded systems to achieve monitoring goals and the communication of scientific data back to relevant stakeholders and community members. Luke is interested in leveraging IoT technology to create cost-effective, large-scale sensing networks, enriching researchers with comprehensive water quality data for the region. Michelle Devlin Adjunct Senior Research Fellow michelle.devlin@jcu.edu.au Michelle has been undertaking research in the areas of tropical and temperate marine ecosystems since 1990. Her work specialises in the environmental monitoring of water quality and eutrophication and the provision of regulatory advice on eutrophication. Michelle’s projects have involved management of national and international research programs relating to the fate and consequences of human activity and pollutants on freshwater, coastal and offshore marine waters, establishing links between the freshwater zone and marine systems, and coastal zone management. Michelle Tink Manager, Laboratories TropWATER michelle.tink@jcu.edu.au Michelle Tink is an Analytical Chemist with 30 years of experience as a Laboratory Manager having managed and worked in laboratories analysing oil, soil, plants and water. Michelle began her career at Tobacco Research Board (Harare Zimbabwe) in the Analytical Chemistry Services Division where she developed expertise in a variety of analytical instruments including GC, HPLC, AAS & UV-Vis Spectrophotometers. Michelle then joined Tribology Services (Harare Zimbabwe) where she oversaw the establishment and operation of their Oil Analysis Laboratory for 9 years before relocating to Townsville in 2001. After a number of years as General Manager of Oil Solutions NQ in Townsville Michelle joined CSIRO Land and Water in their Soil, Plant and Water Laboratory where she developed expertise in soil, plant and water analysis techniques in particular nutrient analysis using segmented flow analysers. In 2007 Michelle joined TropWATER (ACTFR) where she has been responsible for the upgrading of laboratory instrumentation and establishment of streamlined workflows to improve the efficiency and turnaround times of the laboratory while maintaining the quality of the water quality data. During this time in addition to managing the Water Quality Lab on a day to day basis Michelle has also specialized in low level nutrient analysis and works with research scientists to provide customized analytical services to support their research outcomes. Patrick Cunningham Laboratory Technician patrick.cunningham1@jcu.edu.au Since graduating at JCU in 2012, Patrick has taken up the role as laboratory technician for the water quality laboratory at TropWATER. Ambitiously, he has delved deep into the science of water quality and quantitative analysis. Now with 13 years of experience Patrick has acquired many lab-based skills and his knowledge of water quality continues to flourish and grow. Patrick’s educational background is chemistry and he has a Bachelor of Science with honours. One particular interest of his is quantitative analysis of chlorophyll a using both UV-Vis and Fluorescence spectroscopy. Patrick has been involved in producing data from all kinds of sample points from the marine environment to inland aquatic habitats, occasionally undertaking fieldwork when it is required. Paula Cartwright Senior Research Officer paula.cartwright@jcu.edu.au Paula is a multi-disciplinary scientist specialising in marine and aquatic ecosystems. Her current research includes: 1) analysing spectral light wavelengths reaching benthic habitats (seagrasses, coral reefs) under changing metocean conditions and catchment pollutants; 2) investigating the impacts of urban/industrial and agricultural terrestrial activities on the northern Australian coastal water quality; 3) understanding the ecology of temporary waterholes across northern Australia and the potential effects of changes to the environmental water regime; and, 4) analysing current and historical satellite imagery to define distribution of freshwater river plumes for sediment and nutrients over northern Australian, and their relationship to river flow to examine future plume extent under future development and climate scenarios. Previously Paula has examined oceanic properties (physical, chemical, and biological) and quantified their relationship to climatic processes such as El-Nino Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole events, as well as regional synoptic influences; developed algorithms for detecting marine sediment plumes and provided ‘toolkits’ for managers to monitor water quality from river outflow, conducted research in marine benthic ecology using remotely operated video and applied climate modelling techniques to quantify impacts of changing climate processes on coastal water quality. Richard Pearson Emeritus Professor richard.pearson@jcu.edu.au Richard was employed at JCU as Senior Tutor in Zoology in 1974, eventually becoming Professor in 1999. He was successful in his 1988 funding application to the federal government to establish the Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research (ACTFR, now TropWATER) and became its Deputy Director, moving to Director in the mid-90s. He was appointed as Head of the new School of Tropical Biology in 1999 and subsequently relinquished the directorship of the ACTFR. During this time, he continued to teach, supervise postgraduate students and undertake research, for which he had continuous funding from several sources. Richard initially investigated the effects of river pollution by sugar mills, followed by projects associated with the sugar industry and Cooperative Research Centres for Rainforest Management and the Great Barrier Reef. For the rainforest CRC he investigated the ecology of pristine tropical streams and continued that work beyond retirement in an international programme on stream ecology. He led the original joint CRC Catchment to Reef programme, and he worked for several years on the ecology of the Burdekin River. Richard has authored at least 70 technical reports and over 160 refereed journal papers and book chapters. He supervised more than 70 postgraduate students. He continues to collaborate with TropWATER staff and others, and to write up his and his students’ research results. Shelley Templeman Principal Research Officer shelley.templeman@jcu.edu.au Shelley (Michelle) Templeman’s research is broadly focused on understanding the impacts of pollutants and contaminants in tropical aquatic ecosystems, as well as developing more suitable ecological monitoring tools to measure and mitigate pollutant impacts. A childhood spent on cattle properties in central Australia may seem like an unlikely foundation for an aquatic scientist, however this experience provided Shelley with some early insights into the important interactions and impacts between humans and the environment. Since leaving school she has completed a range of undergraduate and postgraduate qualifications across Australia, mostly while performing several scientific roles in northern Australia, Indonesia and Antarctica. Shelley’s studies culminated in a PhD at James Cook University in 2012, investigating the bioindicator potential of jellyfishes to metal pollution. Her more recent research is focused on macroinvertebrate taxonomy and biological monitoring at Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory. Also, she is working with a north Queensland local council as an environmental specialist to help support the internal team to achieve sustainable outcomes for the community. Stephen Lewis Principal Research Officer stephen.lewis@jcu.edu.au Stephen Lewis is a geochemist who focuses primarily on water quality in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) catchment area and lagoon, including evaluating the sources, transport and risks of various pollutants in freshwater, estuarine and marine ecosystems. A Townsville original, Stephen completed a Bachelor of Science (Hons) and PhD in the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences at James Cook University in 2000 and 2005, respectively. Stephen’s work includes examining water quality issues for a variety of land use types – including agriculture, industry and urban – and considering potential improvements that can be made to reduce runoff to receiving ecosystems. This is achieved through a combination of various monitoring and modelling activities. Some of these include the Paddock to Reef Program and the Reef Rescue Marine Monitoring Program, which span paddock, tributaries, river catchments and GBR lagoon. Other research interests include examining sea-level change on the east coast of Australia over the past 20,000 years and the development and growth of fringing reefs in the GBR. Stephen’s work also explores the use of trace elements and stable isotopes in coral core records to investigate changes in water quality since the time of European settlement in north Queensland (c.1850). Zoe Bainbridge Senior Research Fellow Zoe.brainbridge@jcu.edu.au Dr Zoe Bainbridge is a research fellow at the Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), with over 15 years of experience dedicated to the field of reef water quality science. Zoe is currently hosted by the Queensland Department of Environment and Science’s Soil, Catchment and Riverine Processes unit, where she is working on a number of collaborative projects with the Queensland Government and CSIRO. Zoe’s research has focused on identifying catchment sources of sediment, characterising this sediment and advancing the understanding of its transport and dynamics in the tropics. With a focus on bridging the connection between catchment and marine environments, this knowledge is pivotal in identifying the most impactful sediment to manage and preserve aquatic ecosystems. Most recently, this research included a multiple lines of evidence approach to identify catchment sediment hotspots, utilising community-based water quality monitoring, sediment source tracing and catchment modelling. This research significantly contributes to and informs Australian and Queensland Government remediation investment programs to improve water quality. Throughout her career, Zoe has played an active role in engaging with regional Natural Resource Management (NRM) bodies and regionally focused water quality programs. She understands the importance of effective engagement across scientists, landholders, management agencies and industry to achieve positive water quality outcomes. Through these interactions, Zoe seeks to enhance community awareness and understanding of water quality issues across the Great Barrier Reef catchment and lagoon, fostering a sense of collective responsibility for its protection. Researchers MORE ACCESS James C, Bainbridge Z, Lewis S, et al. Water quality: catchment to reef Compilation of riverine water quality data from the Great Barrier Reef catchment area, northeastern Australia. ACCESS Lopez OP, Lewis SE, James CS, Davis AM, Mackay SJ. Water quality: catchment to reef Hydrology of the Great Barrier Reef catchment area along a latitudinal gradient: Implications for estimating discharge. ACCESS Cartwright P, Johns J, Mulloy R, Waltham N. Water quality: catchment to reef Port of Mackay and Hay Point ambient marine water quality monitoring program: Annual report 2024-2025. ACCESS Bahadori M, Chen C, Lewis S, Wang J, Shen J, Stevens T. Water quality: catchment to reef The spatial patterns of bacterial communities in suspended particulate matter across the inner Great Barrier Reef. ACCESS Cartwright P, Johns J, Rulloy R, Waltham N. Water quality: catchment to reef Port of Mackay and Hay Point ambient marine water quality monitoring program: Annual report 2024-2025. ACCESS Cartwright P, Mulloy R, Johns J. Water quality: catchment to reef Whitsunday water quality monitoring blueprint for tourism operators: Annual report 2024-2025. ACCESS Cartwright P et al. Water quality: catchment to reef Port of Weipa ambient marine water quality monitoring program: Annual report 2023-2024. ACCESS Cartwright P et al. Water quality: catchment to reef Port of Abbot Point ambient marine water quality monitoring program: Annual Report 2022-2023. Reports and publications MORE

JCU TropWATER researchers have led the most comprehensive look at the world’s dugong populations in over 20 years – revealing where more work is urgently needed. TropWATER TropWATER leads new assessment of global dugong populations 17 October 2025 TropWATER BACK Released this week, the Global Assessment of Dugong Status and Conservation provides a snapshot of what is currently known about this vulnerable species across the waters of more than 40 countries and territories. TropWATER’s Professor Helene Marsh, the lead editor of the report, emphasised the variation in the status and conservation needs of dugongs across their range. “There are apparently stable dugong populations in some parts of Australia and the Arabian Gulf but critically endangered populations in some other regions, so their needs are very different,” Professor Marsh said. “Genetic diversity also varies – even between stable groups – with the higher diversity in Australia associated with greater resilience to environmental changes.” The report found similar variation in local threats to dugong lives and reproduction – although some pressures may be felt worldwide. Habitat loss and degradation were found to be increasing across the entire dugong range, worsened by coastal development and climate change. “The loss of seagrass meadow habitats can lead dugongs to starve, particularly in isolated populations where they have no other meadows to turn to,” Professor Marsh said. As seagrass is the main food source for dugongs, the report calls for urgent seagrass mapping in all regions, particularly the Red Sea, Asia, and Pacific islands. TropWATER researcher Dr Len McKenzie found that over 80% of seagrass that has been mapped in the dugong’s range is in Australia, and that some isolated islands have too little seagrass to support robust dugong populations. “A significant amount of dugong research has been done in Australia, and there is still more work to be done,” Professor Marsh said. “The global dugong research community needs to work together to develop new techniques and refine monitoring methods than can then be used to help conserve dugong populations around the world.” TropWATER is actively collaborating with international researchers, including projects in Mozambique, New Caledonia, and the United Arab Emirates, to foster dugong research efforts worldwide. The Global Assessment of Dugong Status and Conservation Needs was prepared for the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals and features contributions from over 70 international experts, and is available online: Visit website Next Previous

We are using a range of methods to build a comprehensive map of seagrass across northern Australia in partnership with Indigenous Rangers and Traditional Owners. Northern Australia Location Extensive seagrass habitats are found in northern Australian waters, but limited data are available on where these meadows are found and the condition they are in. We are partnering with Traditional Owners to build a comprehensive map of seagrass habitats across the region using a range of complementary methods. This mapping will support regional planning and monitoring design and improve modelling of risks and climate change impacts to northern Australia’s seagrass ecosystems. Key points Building a map of northern Australian seagrass BACK Gaps in seagrass knowledge Northern Australian seagrass habitats are highly valuable natural resources, supporting fisheries, cultural heritage, and threatened species such as dugong and turtles. But there are significant gaps in our knowledge of the abundance and distribution of seagrass in the region – primarily because of the challenges in recording seagrass over the vast area of northern Australian waters. Region-wide seagrass mapping is needed to understand the ecosystems present and the marine animals they support. These maps can then be used to establish monitoring programs where they are needed and inform management decisions for marine parks, Indigenous Protected Areas, and Sea Country. Regional mapping can also be used to identify how marine habitats may be changing and to understand resources in the region. Building a map of seagrass habitats We are building a comprehensive map of seagrass across northern Australia, from the north of Western Australia to the east coast of Queensland, in partnership with Indigenous Rangers and Traditional Owners. This project will provide publicly accessible datasets to: Support regional planning, including Indigenous-led management planning for Sea Country and seagrass restoration. Assist management of protected species that rely on these habitats including turtles and dugongs. Inform monitoring design for marine parks and Indigenous Protected Areas. Model climate change impacts, risks, dispersal, and connectivity between seagrass habitats. Provide baseline data for the development of blue carbon accounting. Our team is using a combination of complementary methods to address the unique challenges of working across large areas of remote northern Australia. Synthesising data We are synthesising existing seagrass data across northern Australia to identify where monitoring is needed and to ensure data are accessible and reusable. Records are available from the 1880s to the present, with incomplete coverage across the region. We have published our syntheses of seagrass data for the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area and Torres Strait and the Gulf of Carpentaria . Our synthesis of seagrass data for northern Western Australia and the Northern Territory is currently under development. Filling gaps on-the-ground Our researchers are mapping seagrass and other seafloor habitats across northern Western Australia, the Tiwi Islands, South East Arnhem Land, the Gulf of Carpentaria, Torres Strait, and the eastern coast of Queensland. We use boat surveys for subtidal sites using drop cameras, sled tows, and Van Veen grabs. For intertidal sites, we use a combination of helicopter surveys, drone surveys, and walking transects. We are recording habitat types and the biodiversity that these ecosystems support, such as fish, dugongs, and turtles. So far, our team has recorded seafloor habitats with more than 20 Ranger groups across northern Australia. Extending knowledge We are gaining a better understanding of seagrass distribution and changes over time through: Drones. Satellite imagery. Modelling, including identifying areas with high potential for seagrass to target for future mapping and monitoring. We have published our modelling of seagrass habitat and community diversity for the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . Project details This project is led by Dr Alex Carter and Dr Catherine Collier in collaboration with Charles Darwin University and Edith Cowan University, with funding from the National Environmental Science Program Marine and Coastal Hub, the Northern Territory Government, Parks Australia, Torres Strait Regional Authority, Great Barrier Reef Foundation, and the Queensland Government. This work is in partnership with Karajarri Traditional Lands Association, Tiwi Resources, Northern Land Council, Yugul Mangi Rangers, Numbulwar Numburindi Rangers, Namultja Aboriginal Corporation, Mabunji Aboriginal Resource Indigenous Corporation, Wellesley Islands Land Sea Social Economic Development, Carpentaria Land Council Aboriginal Corporation, Gangalidda-Garawa Rangers, Normanton Rangers, Seven Rivers Aboriginal Corporation, Kaurareg Native Title Aboriginal Corporation, Torres Strait Regional Authority Land and Sea Management Unit, Wuthathi Aboriginal Corporation, and Girringun Aboriginal Corporation. Caitlin Smith Research Officer Caitlin.smith2@jcu.edu.au Alejandro Navarro Research Officer alejandro.navarrootero@jcu.edu.au Megan Proctor Research Worker megan.proctor@jcu.edu.au Lucas Langlois Research Officer lucas.langlois@jcu.edu.au Research support Alex Carter Principal Research Officer alexandra.carter@jcu.edu.au Catherine Collier Principal Research Officer catherine.collier@jcu.edu.au Research leads

A TropWATER-led water quality monitoring project has won the Agriculture and Regional Development award at the 34th Banksia National Sustainability Awards. TropWATER TropWATER-led program wins National Award 29 May 2024 TropWATER BACK Under the project, scientists work with growers in the Russell-Mulgrave catchment to monitor water quality and detect runoff ‘hotspots’ at local catchment scales. The project sees scientists working with growers to understand local water quality processes and find water quality solutions that are relevant to their farms. Developed through the National Environmental Science Program’s Tropical Water Quality Hub and administered through the Cairns-based Reef and Rainforest Research Centre (RRRC), TropWATER’s Project 25 outstanding success has led to significant further investment and works in the catchment. Damien Burrows, Sheriden Morris and Roger Beeden with the Banksia Award. Next Previous

Hinchinbrook Island historically boasts extensive seagrass meadows and a thriving dugong population, but the region is still recovering from the devastating impacts of Cyclone Yasi more than a decade ago. TropWATER Girringun lead drone-based dugong surveys with JCU scientists 22 May 2024 TropWATER BACK In a new program, Girringun Traditional Owners are leading a new high-tech seagrass and dugong monitoring program around Hinchinbrook Island – focusing on fine-scale monitoring to map the elusive dugongs in connection to their seagrass habitats. The program has TropWATER scientists equipping Indigenous rangers with the skills to utilise small drones for dugong surveys, while undertaking helicopter and boat-based surveys to generate “digital maps” of seagrass habitats. Funded by the Great Barrier Reef Foundation’s Healing Country Grant, the initiative is driving strong Sea Country management while enriching scientific knowledge. The program is in partnership with JCU, Charles Darwin University, and the Girringun Aboriginal Corporation. Empowering Indigenous-led sea country management Girringun Aboriginal Corporation represents the interests of nine tribal groups and six saltwater Traditional Owner groups in the Cardwell and Hinchinbrook region, in North Queensland, with groups holding profound cultural ties and a wealth of ancestral wisdom that spans their respective traditional areas. Girringun has worked closely with TropWATER scientists for decades in connecting western science and Indigenous knowledge to better manage and protect these habitats. Jade Pryor, coordinator of Girringun Traditional Use of Marine Resources Agreement (TUMRA), said there had been a growing focus on gathering data on the dugongs and seagrass habitats in the region. “This program has provided a new generation of Indigenous rangers and Traditional Owners with an opportunity to connect and look after their Sea Country, while actively contributing to building the scientific data required for managing dugong and seagrass,” she said. Jade said the program has allowed for the continuing growth of employment opportunities for Traditional Owners and given elders the opportunity to connect with Country and share knowledge with younger generations. “This has immense value in supporting our People spiritually and emotionally,” she said. “Our vision is for our People to be self-sufficient in sea country monitoring.” Hinchinbrook: An important dugong hotspot in the Great Barrier Reef Dugongs’ main food source is seagrass – making the health of the seagrass meadows crucial for the survival of the local dugong population. While seagrass surveys have shown large meadows in the northern Hinchinbrook region, these habitats are vulnerable to the impacts of cyclones and floods and are still recovering from seagrass loss caused by Cyclone Yasi in 2011. TropWATER’s seagrass ecologist Dr Alex Carter said despite Hinchinbrook’s reputation as a dugong hotspot, there was limited data on seagrass in the area. “We hope this ranger-led monitoring program can track the condition of key meadows over time, especially in the face of growing climate-related pressures.” Alex said the Indigenous-led monitoring was also zooming in to understand the important relationship between seagrass and dugong health in the region. “That’s the exciting part of this project. We’re gaining a unique insight into how and when dugongs use seagrass habitats, and that’s never been done in this region before.” To allow the recovery of seagrass habitats and dugongs, Girringun has also banned traditional hunting of dugongs, with regular patrols undertaken by Girringun Rangers in partnership with the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Compliance Team and Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries. Drones, AI, and genetics: The emerging technologies Drones, genetic analysis, artificial intelligence, and animal-borne tracking tags are emerging technologies that can drive robust community monitoring programs – and enable fast collection of scientific data. TropWATER dugong expert Dr Chris Cleguer said the high-tech program gives Traditional Owners the opportunity to monitor both ecologically and culturally important habitats. “Girringun's monitoring program has set an incredible benchmark for future Indigenous-led monitoring programs,” he said. “We finally have tools that enable rangers and members of the wider community to be a lot more involved and lead their monitoring programs with remote support from scientists." “We’re seeing new generations reconnect and care for the country, while providing unique data and information that scientists just can’t collect on a frequent basis like sea rangers can.” The team hopes to expand the seagrass and dugong project across northern Australia. Next Previous

An extensive flood plume caused by the recent severe weather event in northern Queensland is pushing vast amounts of river discharge to cover about 50,000 km2 of the Great Barrier Reef from Cairns to Mackay – stretching across inshore, mid-shelf, and outer reefs. TropWATER Flood plume reaches offshore reefs in Great Barrier Reef 28 March 2025 TropWATER BACK James Cook University’s TropWATER water quality expert, Jane Waterhouse, says analysis of satellite imagery shows major flooding from more than 10 river basins has merged to form extensive flood plumes, extending more than 700km along the coastline and 100km offshore in some places. “What we are seeing here is very large and prolonged flood plumes spreading across inshore, midshelf and outer reefs, seagrass meadows and other marine ecosystems,” she said. “Outer reefs are rarely exposed to flood plumes due to their distance from river mouths. The water may not be as turbid as inshore areas, but they are still receiving terrestrial runoff.” Flood plumes reduce light to coral reefs and seagrass, slowing their growth. Prolonged low light and sediment buildup can smother seagrass and weaken corals, increasing their vulnerability to bleaching and disease. “People often think flood plumes are just freshwater. But our modern landscape of urban development, agriculture and grazing lands means higher levels of sediment, nutrients and contaminants can runoff during flooding from gullies, farms, and urban landscapes into catchments and out to the Reef,” said Jane Waterhouse. “Elevated nutrients entering the marine environment often lead to higher levels of macroalgae overgrowth on coral reefs, lower coral coverage, and less new coral growth. Sediments delivered by the plume can remain active for months after the flood event and can cause prolonged reductions in water clarity. “Good water quality helps marine ecosystems thrive and bounce back from threats like mass bleaching. But flood plumes can put them under additional pressure, and their impact depends on how long they last, how intense they are, and how resilient the ecosystem is.” Tracking flood plumes across river basins in the Great Barrier Reef TropWATER remote sensing scientist Caroline Petus said satellite images has been a critical tool under the Marine Monitoring Program to track flood plumes from each river basin. “Analysing satellite images gives us a birds-eye view of the situation and helps us guide field teams to the right locations to collect water samples to assess water quality.” Major to moderate flooding was recorded across nearly every river basin from Cairns to Mackay, creating widespread flood plumes, with significant discharges from the Burdekin, Haughton, Ross, Black, Herbert, Murray, Tully, Johnstone, and Russell-Mulgrave rivers. TropWATER’s Stephen Lewis said the Burdekin River, one of the largest contributors to flood plumes on the reef, recorded its biggest peak flood discharge since 2009. “In just 14 days, the Burdekin River discharged 15.6 million ML of water, which is enough to fill Sydney Harbour more than 31 times,” he said. “At its peak, nearly 1.6 million ML per day flowed from the river. This is the highest since 2009 and larger than the 2019 flood event.” Analysis of coral cores shows that the size of large Burdekin River floods has almost doubled compared to floods occurring 150-350 years ago. “These larger floods are carrying more sediments and nutrients in floodwaters due to increased water volumes coupled with land use changes,” Dr Lewis said. “What’s most concerning is that these floods are prolonged with elevated discharge occurring for over a week. This means that the offshore marine areas are exposed to poor water quality for longer periods. "We're now seeing offshore reefs being affected more frequently from flooding, and we don’t yet fully understand the long-term consequences of that exposure, in combination with other disturbances.” Managing agricultural runoff Sugarcane farming is the largest agricultural industry along the Great Barrier Reef coast. During the wet season, fertilisers and pesticides are more likely to run off paddocks, as this period aligns closely with the preceding crop harvest and fertiliser application period. TropWATER’s Dr Aaron Davis said while many growers adapt their practices around seasonal rainfall conditions to reduce fertiliser and pesticide runoff, extreme floods like this are beyond management control. “This level of flooding is devastating – entire crops in the Ingham region have been significantly impacted,” he said. “Events of this scale don’t happen often, are difficult to plan for, and highlight the challenges of farming in the tropics.” Dr Davis said helping affected farmers get back on their feet is the first step in minimising longer term environmental impacts from such a major event. The floods also provide an opportunity for scientists to assess how well remediation efforts to reduce gully and streambank erosion have held up and how much sediment has been lost from catchments into the Great Barrier Reef. Water quality monitoring is part of the Marine Monitoring Program, coordinated by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, in partnership with JCU TropWATER, Cape York Water Monitoring Partnership, Australian Institute of Marine Science and the University of Queensland. Detailed assessments of impacts on seagrass meadows and coral reefs will be undertaken in the coming months by JCU TropWATER and the Australian Institute of Marine Science. Satellite images taken from the Copernicus website (@Sentinel Hub). Next Previous

This project identifies potential wetland restoration sites between Cairns and Gladstone. Cairns, Townsville, Mackay, Rockhampton, Gladstone Location Maintaining wetland health and exploring restoration opportunities is critical, with ongoing degradation in the Great Barrier Reef catchment. Scientists identified potential restoration sites, including over 2,200 land parcels covering over 20,000 ha for wetland restoration, along with a further 17,255 hectares for mangrove and saltmarsh restoration between Cairns and Gladstone. Carbon sequestration programs could offer new opportunities for wetland restoration. Key points Scoping coastal wetlands and suitable trees for blue carbon restoration BACK Wetlands as coastal protectors Wetland provide key ecosystem services including protecting and stabilising shorelines, regulating floods, supporting fisheries, improving water quality, storing carbon , and acting as habitats for a diverse range of species. The Great Barrier Reef catchment has lost a significant area of wetlands over the past 200 years, with those remaining continuing to face a range of threats. This includes sea level rise, severe storms, coastal erosion and impacts from human activities, which affect health, resilience, and reduce biodiversity. While maintaining the health of existing wetlands is crucial, scoping potential sites for restoration is also an important step. Our scientists explored restoration opportunities in two ways: identifying sites where freshwater and intertidal wetlands, including mangrove and saltmarsh, could be restored, and scoping the environmental suitability of water-tolerant trees at potential sites to support diverse restorations. Finding restoration opportunities for water-tolerant trees This project investigated potential areas for wetland restoration across the Great Barrier Reef Catchment. The research screened over 120 water-tolerant trees for their environmental suitability to identify potential sites. By identifying the best-suited species for these areas, we can enhance restoration efforts. Planting multiple species in initial wetland restoration, instead of a monoculture, better supports the establishment of diverse and healthy ecological communities. Over 2,200 land parcels were identified, covering over 20,000 hectares across the Great Barrier Reef catchment, with numerous species being suitable for all sites. The team used the following methods: Extracted data on water-tolerant tree species and distribution, climate, water inundation frequency, and soil attributes from databases. Used machine learning to predict the likelihood of water-tolerant trees occurring at each location based on climate, water, and soil characteristics. Applied this modelling to locations of former wetlands across the Great Barrier Reef catchment to identify the suitability of different species for potential restoration at each location. Identifying potential sites for mangrove and saltmarsh restoration The team investigated locations between Cairns and Gladstone for potential mangrove or saltmarsh restoration to increase carbon sequestration and storage. They identified around 17,255 hectares of coastal land for restoration, across 52 potential restoration sites. The team identified potential sites for restoration using: High-resolution photography from low-flying helicopters to capture overlapping, georeferenced images of shorelines. Evaluation of potential areas using measures such as tidal inundation mapping, digital elevation models, long-term changes in mangrove health, and land parcel tenure status. The team also identified likely risks for each potential restoration project, and dominant drivers of change including pollutant impact, access tracks, shoreline erosion, and storm damage. Future steps: carbon benefits and maintaining wetlands Carbon sequestration programs such as the Australian Government’s Emissions Reduction Fund and Blue Carbon program could offer new opportunities for wetland restoration. But this requires identifying areas where interventions can yield tangible and measurable carbon benefits. While the studies identified multiple locations for potential restoration – for both freshwater and intertidal wetlands – they emphasise that effective and lasting restoration can be challenging to achieve. Monitoring and maintaining the health of wetlands and coastal habitats is the best way to ensure carbon storage benefits and maintain biodiversity. This is especially true as degradation continues to impact these vital ecosystems along the coast. Project details These projects were led by Dr Adam Canning and Professor Norman Duke and were funded by Greening Australia for its Reef Aid program . Research support Adam Canning Senior Research Officer adam.canning@jcu.edu.au Norm Duke Senior Research Scientist norman.duke@jcu.edu.au Research leads

Our team is developing guideline values that can protect temporary aquatic ecosystems from contaminants. This will inform and improve mine site operations and rehabilitation in the future. Northern Australia Location The team is developing water quality guidelines for detecting and assessing potential environmental impacts in temporary aquatic ecosystems, including contaminants from mining. This project will provide scientific advice to inform and improve mine site operations and rehabilitation under a regulatory government framework. Engaging and collaborating with industry, government, and community stakeholders is central to this project. Key points Monitoring and protection of temporary waters in Northern Australia BACK Understanding the health of temporary waters in Northern Australia Temporary waters are widespread and abundant across northern Australia, yet often undervalued and overlooked. When wet, these ecosystems support a range of organisms like plants, fish, and algae. Their unpredictable wetting and drying cycles make monitoring their health a challenge. Land use in these environments complicates this further. Northern Australia's landscapes are valued for their mineral reserves and rich pastoral land, with mining a key economic activity. The effects of potential contaminants from these activities on temporary waters remain unclear. There is little guidance available for effectively assessing environmental impacts in these ecosystems from mines. Reliable monitoring methods are needed to detect contaminants. Developing guidelines to protect temporary waters from contaminants Our team is using a combination of approaches to develop guideline values that can protect temporary aquatic ecosystems from contaminants. These guidelines will inform and improve mine site operations and rehabilitation in the future. Our different approaches include: Using laboratory (ecotoxicology) approaches to investigate the responses of local organisms – algae, plants, water bugs, and fish –to a selection of contaminants. Making field-based (bio-assessment) observations of local organisms in impacted temporary aquatic ecosystems. Trialling the use of emerging technologies such as environmental DNA to assist with monitoring temporary waters in remote locations. Developing biological monitoring techniques to assess potential impacts from mining and other human activities. Using biological monitoring to confirm the accuracy of ecotoxicological predictions about the effects of contaminants. Synthesising results from laboratory and field analyses to establish site-specific guidelines for water and sediment quality. Application of these guidelines will inform and improve mine site operations and rehabilitation in the future. We report on conditions at partnering mine sites to the Authority as part of their yearly Receiving Environment Monitoring Programs. These reports are Commercial in Confidence. Project details The environmental program is led by principal research scientist Dr Shelley Templeman, and assisted by Chris Williams, Dr Sarah McDonald, Stuart Ballantyne, Madeline McKenzine, and a diverse team of undergraduate student volunteers. The team’s areas of expertise include aquatic ecology, ecotoxicology, environmental engineering, data science, and ecological risk assessment. This project is the amalgamation of various ongoing collaborations with mine sites throughout central north Queensland and the Northern Territory. Collaborative work is also undertaken with colleagues at the Supervising Scientist Branch (DCCEEW) based in the Alligator Rivers Region in the Northern Territory. Sarah McDonald Research Officer sarah.mcdonald@jcu.edu.au Research support Shelley Templeman Principal Research Officer shelley.templeman@jcu.edu.au Research leads

From coral trout and snapper to wrasses, butterflyfish, and damselfish – the inshore reef habitats of Great Barrier Reef islands are known for their complex and rich fish communities. TropWATER Inshore reef habitats of Great Barrier Reef islands 3 December 2024 TropWATER BACK This month, our scientists are conducting visual surveys of reef fishes and benthic habitats of eight inshore island groups in the Great Barrier Reef, building on a 20-year long-term monitoring program at four of the island groups and four new monitoring sites. The island reefs surveyed are high-value and high-use for tourism and recreational fishing, with areas monitored in no-take marine reserves and zones open to fishing – making the data highly valuable in understanding how fish communities change over time and how they benefit from marine reserves. Lead researcher Dr. Maya Srinivasan said while some reefs were degraded due to past impacts such as cyclones and coral bleaching, many reefs were in great condition with a variety of live coral and fish species. The inshore fringing reef monitoring seeks to uncover important insights into fish communities in a range of different habitats, including nursery habitats such as mangroves and seagrasses, island fringing reefs, and deeper areas between reefs. The program is part of the IMR Reef Fish Monitoring Project, funded by the partnership between the Australian Government’s Reef Trust with the Great Barrier Reef Foundation. This is a joint program managed by the Australian Institute of Marine Science, with support from TropWATER, University of the Sunshine Coast, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, and Queensland Agriculture. Next Previous

We use multiple lines of evidence including water quality monitoring, tracing, modelling, and proxy-based data analysis, to a better understand of the catchment-to-marine connection. Queensland Location Our team is identifying sediments, nutrients, and pesticides sources and understand their transport and fate across the catchment-to-reef continuum. We are determining priority pollutants impacting freshwater and marine ecosystems to guide targeted management interventions. We are providing stakeholders and growers with a comprehensive dataset on pollutant sources, transport, and fate to encourage adoption of improved land practices. Key points Pollutant sources, transport and fate across catchment to Reef BACK Pollutant loads threaten freshwater and marine ecosystems About 75 per cent of the major catchments within the Great Barrier Reef region have been modified for cropping and grazing, leading to excessive runoff of suspended sediments, nitrogen, phosphorus, and pesticides. This poses a significant threat to both freshwater and marine ecosystems. While growers are making changes to farming practices, understanding pollutant sources, transport, and fate is critical for adopting more progressive practices, while identifying 'hotspots' is essential for targeted management strategies. Our research provides important insights to guide these efforts effectively. Research-informed solutions to identify pollutants runoff Great Barrier Reef Our research focuses on understanding how suspended sediments, nutrients, and pesticides are transported across the catchment to Great Barrier Reef continuum. This contributes to a better understanding of the catchment-to-marine connection and guides growers, managers and policymakers in interventions, improved farming practices, and prioritising remediation efforts to reduce pollutant loads. To achieve this, we employ a comprehensive approach, utilising multiple lines of evidence including water quality monitoring, tracing, modelling, and proxy-based data analysis, including: Refined understanding of catchment hot spots through intensified monitoring at finer scales, using advanced sensors for nitrogen inputs on cropping lands and community-based programs for sediment sources on grazing lands. Compiling land-use-focused water quality data across specific natural management regions to pinpoint water quality issues and validate catchment models. Conducting strategic monitoring of catchment runoff and resultant flood plumes to assess pollutant transport within the catchment network and into the Great Barrier Reef lagoon, identifying pollutant pathways. Deployed sediment traps and turbidity/light loggers on coral reefs and seagrass meadows to understand the influences of riverine discharge events and sediment resuspension on sediment exposure regimes. Analysing sediment cores from freshwater wetlands and major offshore deposition areas to gain insights into the fate and long-term delivery of sediments to the Great Barrier Reef lagoon. Outcomes of water quality research Our research has had a significant impact on understanding and managing water quality in the Great Barrier Reef catchment area. Using multiple lines of evidence, we've refined 'hot spot' sediment sources in the Bowen-Broken-Bogie catchments of the Burdekin Basin. Almost real-time nitrate sensors across the Russell Mulgrave, Johnstone, Tully, and Herbert basins have identified catchment 'hot spots' and engaged industries in improved management practices. Revealed key water quality issues in the Great Barrier Reef catchment area, promoting a 'whole of catchment' approach to water quality management. Strategic monitoring in the Burdekin River catchment calculated the trapping efficiency of the Burdekin Falls Dam, establishing sediment budgets and developing an algorithm for predicting sediment trapping in tropical reservoirs. Characterised sediments in riverine flood plumes, prioritising the fine sediment fraction (< 20 µm) for better management. Provided empirical evidence supporting remote sensing and modelling research, showing reduced water clarity following elevated riverine discharge. Offshore sediment cores from the Burdekin region reveal active sediment accumulation changes over the past 200 years, linked to European modification of the catchment. Research support Aaron Davis Principal Research Officer aaron.davis@jcu.edu.au Adam Canning Senior Research Officer adam.canning@jcu.edu.au Caroline Petus Senior Research Officer caroline.petus@jcu.edu.au Cassandra James Senior Research Scientist cassandra.james@jcu.edu.au Jack Koci Senior Research Officer jack.koci@jcu.edu.au Zoe Bainbridge Senior Research Fellow Zoe.brainbridge@jcu.edu.au Stephen Lewis Principal Research Officer stephen.lewis@jcu.edu.au Research leads

Back-to-back cyclones have exposed the Great Barrier Reef to extensive and persistent flood plumes from Ingham up to Cape York Peninsula, with terrestrial runoff lathering coral reef and seagrass ecosystems for weeks. TropWATER Back-to-back cyclones and flood plume impacts on the Great Barrier Reef 14 June 2024 TropWATER BACK Scientists from James Cook University’s Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER) have reported freshwater coral bleaching and seagrass damage, with flood plumes stretching more than 700km along the Great Barrier Reef coastline, and reaching some areas of the mid and outer reefs. TropWATER water quality scientist Jane Waterhouse said we mustn’t underestimate the impacts of terrestrial runoff on marine ecosystems. “Coastal and marine ecosystems do not like freshwater, let alone the sediments, nutrients and pesticides that are carried along with it,” she said. “Seagrass meadows are highly vulnerable in these extreme events from both physical wave damage and the effects of low light from murky waters. Coral reefs can experience high stress resulting in isolated freshwater bleaching, and there is also a risk of macroalgae blooms out-competing coral reefs in the longer term,” she said. Dawson Reef after flood. Inshore ecosystems are critical for dugongs and turtles while also providing nursery habitat for key fish species, and high value recreational and tourist areas in the Great Barrier Reef. Tropical Cyclone Jasper crossed north of Cairns in December, discharging in the order of 20,000 GL of freshwater – the equivalent of around 40 Sydney Harbours – into the northern Great Barrier Reef. Cyclone Kirrily, which crossed Townsville on 25 January, resulted in less rain. TropWATER scientists have been tracing and assessing the damage of flood plumes on marine ecosystems, sampling flood plume waters, analysing flood satellite imagery and surveying damage to seagrass meadows, as part of the Marine Monitoring Program. TropWATER’s Dr Stephen Lewis said following Tropical Cyclone Jasper the team sampled flood waters from the Barron, Russell Mulgrave and Tully rivers, with preliminary observations suggesting elevated levels of nutrients and sediments in inshore coral and seagrass areas. “A flood of this magnitude early in the wet season coincides with the end of cane crushing season, when fertilisers and pesticides have typically been applied to paddocks. This means there is a greater risk of runoff from paddocks,” he said. “Many landholders are making extraordinary efforts to ensure they are minimising their off-farm losses of fertilisers and pesticides, while also undertaking local paddock scale water quality monitoring programs to understand runoff from their catchments. “We need to support the farmers to continue these programs coupled with more water quality monitoring, especially when these events could become more frequent.” Dawson Reef before flood Dr Lewis said a greater understanding of how sediments and nutrients travel from the land to the outer reefs is required to document exposure further offshore. “Past monitoring on outer reefs indicates the presence of elevated nutrients linked to terrestrial runoff, which is supported by our satellite observations,” he said. “But the current flood monitoring only samples waters in inshore areas, it doesn’t sample the outer reefs, and this is critical for understanding the impacts of terrestrial runoff on reefs further offshore. “There needs to be more targeted monitoring to understand the connection between the catchments to the middle and outer reefs to fully understand the extent and impact of land-based runoff.” Jane Waterhouse said understanding water quality is paramount for the long-term protection of marine ecosystems. “It seems there’s no relief for the reef. This could be a new pattern emerging under climate change with relatively dry periods of mass coral bleaching events interwoven with periods of extensive flood events, with little to no time for marine ecosystems to recover in between disturbances.” Marine heatwaves, cyclones, and flood plumes are weather events expected to escalate with the intensification of climate change. “These pressures compound, hindering the recovery of ecosystems already grappling with prior disturbances, such as coral bleaching. Good water quality is essential for the recovery of reefs,” she said. “The cumulative impact is unprecedented and deeply concerning. The true extent of the long-term impact remains largely unknown.” Water quality and seagrass monitoring is part of Marine Monitoring Program, coordinated by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, in partnership with JCU TropWATER, Cape York Water Monitoring Partnership, Australian Institute of Marine Science and the University of Queensland. Link to images here . Photo right: MODIS Aqua satellite image from 22nd December 2023 showing the flood plume from the Normanby River into Princess Charlotte Bay. Next Previous

We are working with the Department for Climate Change, Energy, Environment and Water to improve Australia's environmental planning and approval processes for threatened and migratory species and ecological communities. Australia Location Australian biodiversity loss is a significant issue, and the Commonwealth Government has committed to environmental law reform to prevent further declines. We are identifying opportunities for improving conservation planning and approval processes for species and ecological communities listed as threatened and migratory under national law. There is a strong focus on those at risk from proposed development projects, such as infrastructure, mining, or agricultural expansion. Key points Improving outcomes for threatened and migratory species and threatened ecological communities BACK Environmental law reform to protect Australian biodiversity Australian native species populations and their habitats are declining. More than 2,000 species and ecological communities are considered threatened, and existing laws have not been able to stop or reverse these losses. The Commonwealth Government has committed to environmental law reform to improve biodiversity conservation outcomes. This reform will also involve revising statutory documents for species and ecological communities listed as threatened, as well as species listed as migratory or marine, under national law. Understanding how these species and ecological communities have been considered during the environmental approvals process can inform the reform process. Investigating species and ecological communities to strengthen national law Our team is collaborating with the Department for Climate Change, Energy, Environment and Water (DCCEEW) to improve Australia’s environmental planning and approval processes under national law. The team is investigating the ~2,000 species and ecological communities listed as threatened, migratory or marine. This includes the endangered 'Brigalow' ecological community, and species such as the koala, the growling grass frog, four species of black cockatoos, and over 1,300 plants. There is a focus on those at higher risk from proposed development projects, such as infrastructure, mining, or agricultural expansion, based on historical records of such proposals. Our collaborative role includes: Analysing how these species and ecological communities are currently considered in environmental assessments. Using public and internal government databases, and workshops with government officers, to gain insights into how species and ecological communities have been considered during the statutory environmental assessments and approval processes. Identifying opportunities for improvement. Our partnership with the DCCEEW guarantees that our findings will inform future policy and regulatory measures. Project details This project is led by Emeritus Professor Helene Marsh, with Dr Mélanie Hamel (TropWATER, JCU) and Dr Josie Carwardine (CSIRO). The project is funded by the National Environmental Science Program’s Resilient Landscapes Hub. Research support Mélanie Hamel Research Officer melanie.hamel@jcu.edu.au Helene Marsh Emeritius Professor helene.marsh@jcu.edu.au Research leads

New research suggests that the effectiveness of water quality catchment models – used to identify sediment hotspots in Great Barrier Reef catchments – can be enhanced by incorporating river sediment tracing and independent water samples. TropWATER Sediment hotspots: Improving confidence in our catchment models 3 December 2024 TropWATER BACK Led by James Cook University TropWATER, in collaboration with CSIRO, Queensland Department of Environment and Science, and Griffith University, the research highlights how multiple lines of evidence are critical in improving confidence in model outputs for both policymakers and managers. Lead author TropWATER’s Dr. Zoe Bainbridge said that while the spatial model has been continually refined over the past two decades, local field data from the catchment helps to validate the model and accurately identify sediment hotspots. Using this integrated approach, the four-year study identified the Little Bowen River, Rosella, and Pelican Creeks as the largest sources of sediment in the Bowen River catchment. The finding contradicted early estimates of the model, highlighting the importance of using multiple lines of evidence when identifying sediment hotspots. “There are significant investment opportunities to target remediation at eroding gully and riverbank sites to reduce sediment run-off,” Dr. Bainbridge said. “By adopting this multiple lines of evidence approach, landholders and managers can have confidence that remediation sites chosen are going to result in the best investment outcomes and improved water quality for downstream wetlands, seagrass, and coral reefs.” The landholder monitoring, a collaboration between North Queensland Dry Tropics, landholders, and TropWATER scientists, will continue this wet season. These additional samples, capturing catchment runoff during different size flow events, will provide further confidence in the field data. The research was carried out in the Bowen-Broken-Bogie tributaries of the Burdekin River catchment, which has been identified as a major contributor of fine sediments to the Great Barrier Reef lagoon. The study is part of the Landholders Driving Change (LDC) project managed by the NQ Dry Tropics Natural Resource Management body, funded through the Queensland Government (Major Integrated Project) and the partnership between the Australian Government’s Reef Trust and Great Barrier Reef Foundation. This research was published in Science of The Total Environment under a CSIRO-JCU Catchment Water Quality Science Partnership and an Advance Queensland Research Fellowship. Next Previous

A new study from James Cook University TropWATER researchers has tracked the full 30-year recovery of more than 300 hectares of mangrove forests severely damaged by a 1986 oil spill in Central America. TropWATER Long-term recovery of mangroves after a major oil spill 10 March 2025 TropWATER BACK TropWATER’s Professor Norman Duke and Dr Adam Canning combined on-the-ground observations with remote sensing to investigate what helped and hindered recovery over the last three decades – providing one of the most comprehensive long-term records of mangrove regeneration. “Understanding how mangroves recover from major disturbances plays a big role in guiding efforts and response strategies for damaged mangrove forests in Australia, not just for oil spills but also for cyclones and other environmental threats,” said Professor Duke. The 1986 Bahía Las Minas oil spill In 1986, over 8 million litres of crude oil were spilled in the waters of Bahía Las Minas on Panama’s Pacific coast. The oil spread throughout more than 300 hectares of mangrove forests, killing 69 hectares of mature mangrove trees. Over 300 hectares of mangrove forests were saturated in crude oil in Bahía Las Minas in 1986. Photo credit: Charles Getter, STRI. Professor Duke said most research focused on short term recovery, whereas this study was one of the first to investigate long-term recovery of mature mangrove forests – and the findings were encouraging. “Mangroves that were oiled but not killed suffered significant damage in the early years following the spill. But our study found they but had largely recovered within a few decades,” he said. “Where mangroves were wiped out by the spill, recovery was much slower, but these devastated areas have also recovered. It took 15 to 20 years for seedlings to re-establish the forest, and for canopies to close again. “This shows us recovery is possible, but only if environmental pressures remain the same. Recent studies have generally found the frequency of extreme events has increased, threatening to outpace mangrove’s ability to re-establish and recover from damage.” What this means for Australia and globally While this study examined oil-damaged mangrove forests in Central America, the methods and findings are applicable to mangrove ecosystems anywhere, including Australia. The team has conducted several assessments of changing mangrove habitats around Australia to track the influences of changes in rainfall patterns , sea level changes , and more frequent and severe tropical cyclones . “These detailed, long-term studies of damaged mangrove habitats provide critical information on the vulnerabilities of tidal wetland ecosystems and their capacity to recover,” Professor Duke said. “By better understanding how mangroves respond to damaging events, we are developing more appropriate and more effective strategies to minimise future impacts from human pressures and extreme climate events. “These strategies include developing practical and more inclusive ways to evaluate and monitor mangrove health day-to-day and in the long-term. This provides more effective expert advice for managers, practitioners, and local communities around the globe.” Read the study in the Bulletin of Marine Science here . Next Previous

We are measuring the effects of common turtle nest relocation methods on the health of hatchlings to develop updated conservation guidelines to give Queensland's turtles the best chances to survive and thrive. Bundaberg Location Relocating nests can potentially protect turtle eggs from increasing sand temperatures, sea level rise, and predators, but the impacts of relocation on the overall health of hatchlings is unknown. We are trialling the effects of common relocation methods on the fitness of loggerhead turtle hatchlings. Results will be used to develop updated guidelines for statewide turtle monitoring programs to maximise hatchling success and support sustainable turtle populations. Key points Healthy Hatchlings BACK Turtle nests under threat Turtle hatchlings face many threats to their survival, even before they emerge from a nest. Increasing sea levels can shrink nesting beaches and may wash away turtle eggs close to the waterline. Increasing temperatures can skew sex ratios – leading to lower genetic diversity in adult populations – or kill turtles before they hatch. Relocation can potentially reduce risks to turtle nests. However, moving a nest can also change conditions like sand moisture, temperature, vegetation, and nest depth, with unknown effects on the success and health of hatchlings after they leave the nest. Effective conservation needs to maintain both the quantity of eggs that hatch and the quality of those hatchlings to give turtles the best chance of becoming healthy adults. Measuring hatchling health We are conducting relocation trials of 40 loggerhead turtle nests at Mon Repos Conservation Park near Bundaberg, measuring the effects of different relocation techniques on hatchling health. Along with an unchanged control group, we will use three common relocation techniques for eggs: Predator exclusion cages – used to reduce risk from predators such as foxes and pigs. Higher ground – used to reduce risk of being flooded or washed away. Shaded hatchery – used to reduce temperatures. For 20 hatchlings from each clutch, we will assess: Energetics – by measuring crawling speed, self-righting ability (how quickly a hatchling can flip over after being placed on its back), and swimming speed. Health – by measuring weight and size and identifying any mutations. Guiding conservation of Queensland’s turtles This project will identify how turtle egg relocation strategies can improve hatchling quantity without sacrificing quality, increasing the chances of turtles surviving and thriving after leaving the nest. We will use our findings to create updated conservation protocols for turtle monitoring and conservation programs across Queensland to support resilient and sustainable turtle populations. These trials are a valuable first step, but more work still needs to be done. Additional funding is needed to work directly with communities to improve local conservation programs. Local data can be used to develop tailored approaches – and provide insights into different risks to turtle nests and hatchlings across our region. Project details This project is led by Dr Caitlin Smith in partnership with researchers from Griffith University. The project is funded by Sea World Foundation. Photography by Styledia. Alex Carter Principal Research Officer alexandra.carter@jcu.edu.au Catherine Collier Principal Research Officer catherine.collier@jcu.edu.au Research support Caitlin Smith Research Officer Caitlin.smith2@jcu.edu.au Research leads

Our researchers are exploring how to maximise water resource allocation across the vast and diverse landscapes of Northern Australia, advising policymakers on potential impacts to ecosystems. Northern Australia Location Northern Australia’s water resources must be well understood and expertly managed to sustain the natural environment, communities and economies. This research maximises constrained water resource opportunities in Northern Australia through rigorous scientific measures, ensuring environmental preservation amid economic aspirations. We are investigating catchment flows, groundwater dynamics, aquatic species, Indigenous people’s values and aspirations, governance systems, agriculture, and more. Key points Sustainable water security in northern Australia BACK Issues constraining sustainable water resource utilisation across Northern Australia Northern Australia boasts vast land areas, ample rainfall, and abundant water resources, making it a favourable region for agricultural expansion and developing water security. However, this expansion could pose a significant threat to the region's biodiverse aquatic ecosystems, disrupting water quality and the natural flow essential to ecosystems in both wet and dry seasons. Many questions remain to be answered about these ecosystems before sustainable utilisation of available water can be achieved. Investigating optimal water resource management Our researchers are exploring how to maximise water resource allocation across the vast and diverse landscapes of Northern Australia, advising policymakers on potential impacts to ecosystems. Under the Water Security for Northern Australia program , scientists from JCU TropWATER, Charles Darwin University and CQ University are examining targeted catchments from Western Australia to eastern Queensland, including the Gilbert River, Lower Fitzroy River, Daly River, and Ord River irrigation area. Within this project, our research includes: Investigating water flows and dynamics, including groundwater and seasonal waterholes, to better understand water availability and distribution. Assessing potential impacts on catchments due to climate change pressures, providing crucial data to forecast and mitigate adverse effects. Integrating Indigenous values and traditional knowledge to ensure culturally sensitive and sustainable water management practices. Exploring ecosystem and species' responses to water resource changes, aiming to protect biodiversity and maintain ecological balance. Enhancing water management and decision-making processes by providing scientific evidence and practical solutions to policymakers. Assessing the impact of development on ecosystem services to guide environmentally responsible decisions. Guiding managers on sustainable water management solutions Our research provides crucial insights that guide water management decisions. This helps to maximise constrained opportunities in Northern Australia through rigorous scientific measures, ensuring environmental preservation amid economic aspirations. By integrating scientific evidence with practical solutions, we are helping to balance human needs with environmental preservation. Research support Jack Koci Senior Research Officer jack.koci@jcu.edu.au Nathan Waltham Senior Principal Research Officer nathan.waltham@jcu.edu.au Paula Cartwright Senior Research Officer paula.cartwright@jcu.edu.au Damien Burrows Director, TropWATER Founder damien.burrows@jcu.edu.au Research leads