TropWATER, James Cook University’s Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, brings together leading researchers to tackle critical environmental issues. We provide science-based solutions to industries, communities, and governments for managing, protecting, and restoring tropical ecosystems. About us We provide science based solutions to tackle critical environmental issues in tropical ecosystems. TropWATER, James Cook University’s Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, brings together over 150 leading researchers. We provide science-based solutions to industries, communities, and governments for managing, protecting, and restoring tropical ecosystems. Our mission Our mission is to conduct influential research in water science, resource management, and aquatic ecology, focusing on sustainable use and preservation of water ecosystems. Our research covers water quality, fish and marine mammals, seagrass, coral reefs, mangroves, freshwater, estuarine and marine ecosystems, biosecurity and Indigenous training and capacity-building. With a strong focus on tropical water systems in Australia and internationally, TropWATER uses the latest technologies and advanced research methods to addresses key issues, while balancing economic, social, and environmental needs. James Cook University TropWATER is an amalgamation of aquatic expertise from across James Cook University. It brings together over 150 research and supporting staff and over 100 postgraduate students into one cohesive group. This provides a unique opportunity for multidisciplinary research activities that integrate JCU’s aquatic expertise, spanning freshwater, estuarine, and marine waters, with expertise from ecology, water hydrology, engineering, physics, oceanography, modelling, and resource economics. Who we work with Our scientists take pride in maintaining and developing strong relationships with all levels of communities, governments, industries, First Nations people, and non-government organisations. Working together allows us to address environmental impacts of joint concern and achieve common goals to help create a more sustainable future in tropical environments. Traditional Owners and Indigenous Rangers Traditional Owners and Indigenous Rangers are key partners in many ongoing TropWATER projects. Our collaborations include mapping seagrass and coral reefs on sea Country, conducting Traditional Owner-led dugong surveys, monitoring mangrove shorelines, performing eDNA monitoring of invasive species, and participating in wetland protection initiatives, among many other activities. Industries Our work with industry spans tourism, agriculture, mining, and ports. Examples include identifying management practices that improve water quality leaving farms, co-designing robust ecological monitoring programs to help companies proactively reduce risks of negatively impacting aquatic environments, and providing management tools for environmental protection of seagrass habitats. Landholders We work with landholders, including cane farmers and graziers, to understand how, when, and where sediment and nutrients moves from the land into key catchments, reducing loads of fine sediment and nutrient reaching the Great Barrier Reef. This work helps growers adopt progressive practices to improve water quality. We also research the most effective methods to incentivise wetland and catchment restoration opportunities for landholders by leveraging ecosystem service markets. Governments Our work is instrumental in informing management and policymakers at local, state, and federal levels. We advise government on water quality conditions in the Great Barrier Reef, coastal restoration, blue carbon, dugong population dynamics, water security risks and seagrass health. We also advise defence management, providing critical insights for sustainable environmental management and policy development. Conservation and non-government organisations We actively collaborate with conservation and non-government organisations, including Greening Australia and Citizens of the Great Barrier Reef, to advance environmental goals. These partnerships focus on restoration projects, citizen science programs, and advocacy efforts to promote sustainable practices and protect aquatic ecosystems. Other universities and research institutions We collaborate with various universities and research institutions across all our research fields. This includes partnerships with experts in genetics, water quality, e-DNA, and drone-based morphometrics. Our collaborations extend to CSIRO, AIMS, UQ, CQU, CDU, numerous State Government Departments and the CRC for Northern Australia, on diverse environmental projects. Explore the experiences of women working in science, supporting healthy turtle hatchlings, community action for water quality, and more. Issue 1 2026 ACCESS Explore our partnership bringing marine science advances to ports, findings of a landmark dugong report, our latest award achievements, and more. Issue 4 2025 ACCESS Explore how we're assessing recovery of grazing lands after flooding, leading eDNA science, using hovercraft for seagrass restoration, and more. Issue 3 2025 ACCESS Explore how we’re boosting seagrass recovery in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, our new imagery tool for tracking coastal health, and more. Issue 2 2025 ACCESS Explore how mangroves recover after oil spills over the long-term, the impacts of Tropical Cyclone Jasper, and more. Issue 1 2025 ACCESS Explore how we’re finding ‘missing’ frogs, investigating the secret life of dugongs, finding safe passage for turtles, and more. March 2022 ACCESS Explore how we used eDNA to rediscover the iconic Irwin’s turtle, analysed satellite imagery to identify global wetland loss, and more. June 2022 ACCESS Explore how we discovered a mangrove dieback in the Gulf of Carpentaria, identified a boost in fish stocks after spearfishing restrictions, and more. October 2022 ACCESS Explore how we are boosting bushfoods, restoring seagrass, identifying a new mangrove species in India, and more. December 2022 ACCESS Explore our latest findings of a slow rise in seagrass, how we’re taking AI underwater, and more. March 2023 ACCESS Explore how we’re identifying sediment hotspots, restoring lost seagrass meadows, and more. July 2023 ACCESS Explore how we’re investigating water security challenges, surveying declines in dugong populations, and more. December 2023 ACCESS Explore how we’re locating inshore fish nurseries, scoping sites for blue carbon restoration, and more. July 2024 ACCESS Explore survey findings showing dugongs thriving in the far north, insights from the latest Scientific Consensus Statement, and more. September 2024 ACCESS Explore how we’re finding habitats favoured by crayfish, identifying clues to dugong diets using DNA, and more. December 2024 ACCESS Newsletters Programs we host TropWATER hosts several programs that support research, conservation, and management of aquatic ecosystems, with a focus on facilitating collaboration. 01 MangroveWatch MangroveWatch is a not-for-profit organisation that brings together scientists, Traditional Owners, community volunteers, government, and industry to advance the research, education, and conservation of mangrove and tidal wetland environments. MangroveWatch is an environmental health monitoring program for shorelines, encouraging community awareness and local environmental stewardship. VISIT 02 Australasian Mangrove and Saltmarsh Network The Australasian Mangrove and Saltmarsh Network was established in 2008 to connect individuals and organisations concerned about mangrove and saltmarsh intertidal wetland habitats in the region. The network promotes sustainable communication, collaboration, and community mentoring and participation in restoring and managing critically vulnerable intertidal wetlands. VISIT 03 Australian Coastal Restoration Network The Australian Coastal Restoration Network connects marine and coastal restoration specialists, researchers, practitioners, and managers for collaboration and knowledge sharing to find solutions to challenges in coastal restoration and management. The Network provides networking opportunities and resources such as a database of coastal restoration projects across Australia and New Zealand. VISIT 04 Cairns-Port Douglas Reef Hub The Cairns-Port Douglas Reef Hub is a collaborative network that connects individuals and organisations to share, learn, and collaborate on new approaches to care for reefs within the region. By strengthening collective capacity and driving solutions that benefit communities, the Hub aims to build more resilient coral reefs. VISIT

Advanced online tool designed to monitor and track the condition of coastal mangrove ecosystems over time. Using aerial imagery and real-time data, this tool provides insights into mangrove health, environmental changes, and conservation efforts. Easily accessible and user-friendly, it empowers researchers, conservationists, and the public to take action in protecting vital coastal habitats. Coastal health tracker What is it? We have undertaken coastline aerial surveys across northern Australia since 2009, collecting valuable, systematic, geo-referenced imagery for documenting changes occurring within shoreline ecosystems These surveys have captured thousands of high-resolution images covering around 16,000 km of shoreline, enabling us to create a web platform that showcases these aerial images. This online tool provides views of shoreline vegetation, topography, and changes through time, allowing users to monitor and evaluate changing shoreline conditions. An imagery tool for tracking coastline changes over time Our team has conducted aerial surveys across northern Australia, capturing high-resolution, overlapping images of shoreline vegetation using small helicopters. These surveys have already captured thousands of images spanning 16,000 km of shoreline from 2009 to now. This online tool makes coastal imagery datasets easily accessible, allowing users to view and inspect shoreline sites of interest and to evaluate current vegetation condition and the types of changes taking place. As we continue to monitor Australia’s shorelines, new imagery will be uploaded to this tool as it becomes available. Snapshots of coastal vegetation health Aerial surveys have been undertaken to identify major drivers of change in shoreline mangrove and tidal saltmarsh environments. Habitat condition is recorded during or after these surveys, using visual indicators of health and disturbance developed by Professor Duke. These surveys have been funded from multiple sources to assess a range of incidents including: Severe cyclone and flood damage. Rising sea levels. Restoration hotspots. Large-scale pollution events. Coastal development pressures. Monitoring assessments are crucial for effective, informed management of valuable and beneficial coastal habitats, which are increasingly threatened by a range of human- and climate-driven stressors. How this online tool can be used This online tool has been developed by our team to display high resolution, low-level, oblique aerial imagery of shoreline ecosystems like mangroves, tidal saltmarsh, coastal dunes, and sandy beaches. The tool can be used for shoreline condition monitoring, restoration project assessments, storm and flood incident evaluations, and general annual reporting on shoreline ecosystem condition. Project details The aerial surveys that produced these imagery datasets were led by Professor Norman Duke and Dr Adam Canning. Survey projects were funded by various sources including Greening Australia, the Australian Government, the National Environmental Science Program, PTTEP Australasia, and the Queensland Government’s SmartState Program. ACCESS Cadier C, Waltham NJ, Canning A, Fry S, Adame MF. Wetlands and freshwater habitats Tidal restoration to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from freshwater impounded coastal wetlands. ACCESS Canning A & Duke NC. Mangroves Southern Great Barrier Reef Mangrove and Saltmarsh Condition Survey 2023. ACCESS Duarte de Paula Costa M, Adame MF, Bryant CV, et al. Wetlands and freshwater habitats Quantifying blue carbon stocks and the role of protected areas to conserve coastal wetlands. ACCESS Duarte de Paula Costa M, Lovelock CE, Waltham N, et al. Wetlands and freshwater habitats Current and future carbon stocks in coastal wetlands within the Great Barrier Reef catchments. ACCESS Duke NC et al. Wetlands and freshwater habitats PCPA Champ – Port Curtis and Port Alma coastal habitat archive and monitoring program – Final Report. ACCESS Duke NC et al. Mangroves PCPA Champ. Port Curtis and Port Alma coastal habitat archive and monitoring program. 2017-2018 annual report. ACCESS Duke NC et al. Mangroves Southern GBR CHAMP Coastal habitat archive and monitoring program Final Report – Volume 1. ACCESS Duke NC et al. Mangroves Southern GBR CHAMP Coastal habitat archive and monitoring program Final Report – Volume 2. ACCESS Duke NC, Mackenzie JR, Canning,A, Hutley LB, Bourke AJ, Kovacs J, Cormier R, Staben G, Lymburner L, Ai E. Mangroves ENSO-driven extreme oscillations in mean sea level destabilise critical shoreline mangroves – An emerging threat. ACCESS He Z, Feng X, Chen Q, et al. Mangroves Evolution of coastal forests based on a full set of mangrove genomes. ACCESS Mackenzie J & Duke NC. Mangroves Gulf of Carpentaria MangroveWatch with Lianthawirriyarra Sea Rangers. ACCESS Mackenzie J & Duke, NC. Mangroves Gulf of Carpentaria MangroveWatch with Numbulwar Numburindi & Yugul Mangi Rangers. ACCESS Mulloy R, Aiken CM, Dwane G, Ellis M, Jackson EL. Mangroves Scalable mangrove rehabilitation: Roots of success for Rhizophora stylosa establishment. ACCESS Murdiyarso D, Swails E, Hergoualc'h K, Bhomia R, Sasmito SD. Mangroves Refining greenhouse gas emission factors for Indonesian peatlands and mangroves to meet ambitious climate targets. ACCESS Royna M, Murdiyarso D, Sasmito SD, Arriyadi D, Rahajoe JS, Zahro MG, Ardhani TSP. Mangroves Carbon stocks and effluxes in mangroves converted into aquaculture: a case study from Banten province, Indonesia. ACCESS Sasmito SD, Taillardat P, Adinugroho WC, et al. Mangroves Half of land use carbon emissions in Southeast Asia can be mitigated through peat swamp forest and mangrove conservation and restoration. MORE Reports and publications

TropWATER, James Cook University’s Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, brings together leading researchers to tackle critical environmental issues. We provide science-based solutions to industries, communities, and governments for managing, protecting, and restoring tropical ecosystems. Science based solutions to protect tropical ecosystems Celebrating the work of women in science Each year, we celebrate the International Day of Women and Girls in Science (11 February) to acknowledge the contributions of the many women monitoring, researching, restoring, and protecting tropical ecosystems. We asked seven TropWATER researchers about their experiences – what led them to working in science, what they love about their job, and some of the challenges they’ve faced. LEARN MORE What is blue carbon? Marine and coastal ecosystems are very efficient at capturing carbon – this is called blue carbon. Mangroves, saltmarshes, seagrass meadows, and coastal wetlands all capture and store blue carbon, contributing to mitigating climate change. But if these ecosystems are destroyed, this carbon is released – and no more is captured. Our researchers are trialling restoration methods for a range of coastal habitats, assessing the health of these ecosystems after extreme climate events, and setting new standards for how blue carbon is measured. LEARN MORE Sustainable water security in northern Australia Northern Australia boasts vast land areas, ample rainfall, and abundant water resources, making it a favourable region for agricultural expansion and developing water security. But expansion could pose a significant threat to the region's biodiverse aquatic ecosystems, disrupting water quality and the natural flow essential to ecosystems in both wet and dry seasons. Our researchers are exploring how to maximise water resource allocation across the vast and diverse landscapes of Northern Australia, advising policymakers on potential impacts to ecosystems. LEARN MORE Assessing the impacts of flooding after Tropical Cyclone Jasper Tropical Cyclone Jasper made landfall in Far North Queensland in December 2023, bringing record-breaking rainfall to the region and causing widespread flooding that washed sediments across coastal habitats. The affected region included part of the Wet Tropics of Queensland and Great Barrier Reef World Heritage areas. We partnered with Rangers to survey coastal habitats in 2024 and 2025 and assess the impacts of the flooding on mangrove forests, inshore coral reefs, and seagrass meadows. LEARN MORE 19 March: Shaping sea turtle conservation strategies in a changing world WEBINAR: 1-2pm AEST Thursday 19 March Increasing temperatures, rising seas, and coastal development are just some of the threats currently facing sea turtles worldwide. Conservation efforts need to be carefully targeted to effectively address these challenges – matching the best approach with the right location to boost turtle survival and resilience. Join us to hear from Dr Emily Webster and Dr Caitlin Smith about their latest work guiding science-based strategies for effective sea turtle conservation and supporting Indigenous-led management of turtles on Sea Country in Queensland. From the nest to adulthood, this work is providing valuable data needed for informed conservation decisions. View more details below and sign up to hear about upcoming webinars . LEARN MORE Our eDNA lab As northern Australia's leading eDNA experts, we use genetic clues to revolutionise how to detect invasive and threatened species. We’ve contributed to biosecurity surveillance, environmental impact assessments, tracking fish communities in Australian waterways, locating threatened species, and advancing eDNA science itself, while working with Traditional Owners, community groups, governments, councils and regional bodies. We also lead advances in eDNA techniques and offer commercial and research services. LEARN MORE Our research and projects We provide industries, communities and governments with science-based solutions to better manage, protect and restore our tropical water ecosystems. Explore our research and projects. Wetlands and freshwater habitats Our wetlands team use innovative and science-based solutions to restore, preserve, and rehabilitate coastal wetlands. LEARN MORE Seagrass habitats We house Australia's largest seagrass research group and have more than 40 years of experience in seagrass research and monitoring across the Great Barrier Reef, Great Sandy Strait and northern Australia. LEARN MORE Mangroves Our projects focus on monitoring, assessing, and restoring mangrove ecosystems to address environmental changes and impacts. We provide expert advice, conduct detailed floristic surveys, and develop effective mitigation strategies. LEARN MORE Marine megafauna We use a combination of conventional and innovative research using cutting-edge technology to monitor the trends in the abundance, distribution and habitat use of megafauna across Australia and globally. LEARN MORE eDNA and technology Technology is revolutionising the way scientists monitor, research and uncover new information about habitats and species. We are at the forefront of testing the feasibility of new technologies, including eDNA, drones and AI. LEARN MORE Water quality: catchment to reef We play a major role in monitoring the condition and tracking long-term trends of water quality entering the Great Barrier Reef. We work closely with cane farmers and graziers to help reduce runoff. LEARN MORE Coral reef habitats Our scientists undertake multiple monitoring programs to provide governments, industries and communities with essential data on the condition of coral habitats. LEARN MORE Fish habitats We monitor fish habitats and species in both freshwater and marine environments. This research monitors fish populations, tracks invasive fish species and helps understand fish communities. LEARN MORE FIND OUT MORE We are James Cook University's Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER). We lead influential research on tropical water ecosystems across northern Australia, and beyond, contributing to their sustainable management and global understanding. About us News Our services and capabilities DISCOVER We provide science-based solutions, stakeholder training, and innovative monitoring technologies. Our capabilities include water quality and eDNA labs, specialised training programs, technology development, and a range of environmental assessments and restoration efforts. Subscribe Get the latest TropWATER news and research by subscribing to our newsletter today. First name* Last name* Company name Email* SUBMIT MEET US Led by Director Professor Damien Burrows, our centre includes 150 researchers and over 100 post-graduate students. Discover the passionate minds driving innovation in our field. Our people

We are measuring the effects of common turtle nest relocation methods on the health of hatchlings to develop updated conservation guidelines to give Queensland's turtles the best chances to survive and thrive. Bundaberg Location Relocating nests can potentially protect turtle eggs from increasing sand temperatures, sea level rise, and predators, but the impacts of relocation on the overall health of hatchlings is unknown. We are trialling the effects of common relocation methods on the fitness of loggerhead turtle hatchlings. Results will be used to develop updated guidelines for statewide turtle monitoring programs to maximise hatchling success and support sustainable turtle populations. Key points Healthy Hatchlings BACK Turtle nests under threat Turtle hatchlings face many threats to their survival, even before they emerge from a nest. Increasing sea levels can shrink nesting beaches and may wash away turtle eggs close to the waterline. Increasing temperatures can skew sex ratios – leading to lower genetic diversity in adult populations – or kill turtles before they hatch. Relocation can potentially reduce risks to turtle nests. However, moving a nest can also change conditions like sand moisture, temperature, vegetation, and nest depth, with unknown effects on the success and health of hatchlings after they leave the nest. Effective conservation needs to maintain both the quantity of eggs that hatch and the quality of those hatchlings to give turtles the best chance of becoming healthy adults. Measuring hatchling health We are conducting relocation trials of 40 loggerhead turtle nests at Mon Repos Conservation Park near Bundaberg, measuring the effects of different relocation techniques on hatchling health. Along with an unchanged control group, we will use three common relocation techniques for eggs: Predator exclusion cages – used to reduce risk from predators such as foxes and pigs. Higher ground – used to reduce risk of being flooded or washed away. Shaded hatchery – used to reduce temperatures. For 20 hatchlings from each clutch, we will assess: Energetics – by measuring crawling speed, self-righting ability (how quickly a hatchling can flip over after being placed on its back), and swimming speed. Health – by measuring weight and size and identifying any mutations. Guiding conservation of Queensland’s turtles This project will identify how turtle egg relocation strategies can improve hatchling quantity without sacrificing quality, increasing the chances of turtles surviving and thriving after leaving the nest. We will use our findings to create updated conservation protocols for turtle monitoring and conservation programs across Queensland to support resilient and sustainable turtle populations. These trials are a valuable first step, but more work still needs to be done. Additional funding is needed to work directly with communities to improve local conservation programs. Local data can be used to develop tailored approaches – and provide insights into different risks to turtle nests and hatchlings across our region. Project details This project is led by Dr Caitlin Smith in partnership with researchers from Griffith University. The project is funded by Sea World Foundation. Photography by Styledia. Alex Carter Principal Research Officer alexandra.carter@jcu.edu.au Catherine Collier Principal Research Officer catherine.collier@jcu.edu.au Research support Caitlin Smith Research Officer Caitlin.smith2@jcu.edu.au Research leads

Our research and projects span freshwater, seagrass, mangroves, megafauna, coral reef and aquatic species. We have a strong focus on water quality and biosecurity issues, and use the latest technology revolutionise how we monitor, research and manage aquatic ecosystems. LEARN MORE Our wetlands team use innovative and science-based solutions to restore, preserve, and rehabilitate coastal wetlands. Wetlands and freshwater habitats LEARN MORE We house Australia's largest seagrass research group and have more than 40 years of experience in seagrass research and monitoring across the Great Barrier Reef, Great Sandy Strait and northern Australia. Seagrass habitats LEARN MORE Our projects focus on monitoring, assessing, and restoring mangrove ecosystems to address environmental changes and impacts. We provide expert advice, conduct detailed floristic surveys, and develop effective mitigation strategies. Mangroves LEARN MORE We use a combination of conventional and innovative research using cutting-edge technology to monitor the trends in the abundance, distribution and habitat use of megafauna across Australia and globally. Marine megafauna LEARN MORE Technology is revolutionising the way scientists monitor, research and uncover new information about habitats and species. We are at the forefront of testing the feasibility of new technologies, including eDNA, drones and AI. eDNA and technology LEARN MORE We play a major role in monitoring the condition and tracking long-term trends of water quality entering the Great Barrier Reef. We work closely with cane farmers and graziers to help reduce runoff. Water quality: catchment to reef LEARN MORE Our scientists undertake multiple monitoring programs to provide governments, industries and communities with essential data on the condition of coral habitats. Coral reef habitats LEARN MORE We monitor fish habitats and species in both freshwater and marine environments. This research monitors fish populations, tracks invasive fish species and helps understand fish communities. Fish habitats We provide industries, communities and government with science-based solution to better manage, protect and restore tropical ecosystems. Our research and projects span freshwater, seagrass, mangroves, megafauna, coral reef and aquatic species. We have a strong focus on water quality and biosecurity issues, and use the latest technology revolutionise how we monitor, research and manage aquatic ecosystems. Our research

We conduct large-scale shoreline surveys and monitoring of mangrove ecosystems to assess the impacts of sea level rise, extreme climate events, and human activities. These surveys provide crucial information to inform effective protection and restoration efforts for these habitats. Gulf of Carpentaria, Torres Strait, Great Barrier Reef coastline Location Our team are undertaking aerial shoreline surveys around northern Australia to produce regional-scale health assessments of mangroves. Recent surveys across the Gulf of Carpentaria, the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait are providing crucial data for effective management of these valuable coastal ecosystems. Mangroves are under increasing pressure, particularly from rising sea levels. Regional-scale monitoring is filling critical gaps of knowledge to inform successful protection and restoration efforts. Key points Regional-scale aerial surveys of mangroves across northern Australia BACK Mangroves under stress Mangroves provide vital ecosystem services that protect coastal communities and contribute to environmental resilience. But these environments face a range of human- and climate-driven stressors that threaten to reduce habitat quality, biodiversity, and the ability of mangrove environments to mitigate climate change. Understanding the changing conditions of and threats to mangroves is critical to effectively manage these ecosystems. However, the vast spatial coverage of mangroves presents a challenge for collecting data on their health. Coupled with satellite assessments, aerial surveys offer a practical solution to evaluate environmental health and shoreline condition over large spatial scales. Aerial surveys to understand mangrove health Our team has developed a method to capture high-resolution, overlapping images of shoreline vegetation from small helicopters. These images have been paired with notes on the condition of mangroves and coastal habitats, including any noticeable changes taking place such as mangrove dieback or shoreline erosion. By recording the condition of shoreline ecosystems as well as any changes taking place, we can recognise current and emerging threats and quantify the dominant drivers of change throughout the region. Gulf of Carpentaria and mass mangrove dieback This project initially evaluated the impact of the 2015-16 mangrove mass dieback event in the Gulf of Carpentaria, with surveys in 2017 and 2019. These surveys recorded the condition of shorelines and health of mangroves along approximately 2,000km of the southern shoreline of the Gulf. The team found over 80 km2 (around 6%) of mangrove forests in the Gulf of Carpentaria had been lost in the 2015-16 mass dieback event. Moderate to severe damage was observed along around 171.1km (22.5%) of shorelines mostly fringed by mangroves. The team also identified other indicators of poor shoreline condition throughout the region, including human impacts such as weeds, vehicle tracks, grassland fires and feral pigs, along with climate-related impacts such as bank erosion, storm damage and terrestrial retreat. The team conducted further surveys in 2025 to evaluate recovery over the last decade and develop strategies to reduce the impact of potential mass diebacks from future extreme climate-related events. Northern Great Barrier Reef This project investigated the condition of shorelines and mangroves and the health of tidal wetlands bordering eastern Cape York Peninsula, surveying from Cape York to Cairns in 2017. The team surveyed nearly 1,500km of coastline alongside the northern Great Barrier Reef and generated a library of 52,187 geotagged images covering every metre of shoreline. A key outcome of this project was the development of a robust classification system for identifying and quantifying current and emerging environmental issues impacting Australian mangroves and tidal wetlands. This produced a set of around 24 environmental indicators that represent the dominant drivers of change, allowing the team to record the status and condition of 28 major estuarine sites along the coast. A notable finding was a link between shoreline retreat and rates of sea level rise. Southern Great Barrier Reef This project assessed the condition of the mangroves and tidal saltmarshes of the southern Great Barrier Reef region between Cairns and Gladstone in 2023. The goal was to identify key threats and the dominant drivers of change, as well as locating potential sites for remediation. The team found that mangroves and saltmarshes along the southern Great Barrier Reef coastline were significantly affected by human- and climate-related stressors. Human impacts were most obvious near major population centres such as Cairns, Townsville, Mackay, Rockhampton, and Gladstone. Climate stressors were dominant with shoreline erosion present throughout the region, likely driven by steadily rising sea levels. Southern Torres Strait This project surveyed the complete shorelines of five Torres Strait Islands – Horn, Thursday, Hammond, Friday, and Goods – and the northwest shoreline of Prince of Wales Island, in 2024. This provided a regional-scale assessment of the condition of shoreline mangroves and saltmarshes in south-central Torres Strait, identifying key threats and drivers of change. Human threats were noticeable as reclamation works, coastal development, access tracks, fire scorch damage and altered hydrology. Climate-related indicators were associated with rising sea levels. Data from this project will contribute to an online database of environmental and geophysical information for coastal resource managers in Torres Strait. Each of these projects have provided valuable baseline data on the health and condition of shoreline ecosystems and insights into drivers of change specific to different regions of northern Australia. These findings support tracking of future trends and other critical observations required for more effective local and national management of coastal ecosystems, especially for mangroves and tidal saltmarshes. Project details These projects were led by Professor Norm Duke, Jock Mackenzie, and Dr Adam Canning. Work in the Gulf of Carpentaria was funded by the Northern Australia Environmental Resources Hub and Tropical Water Quality Hub. Work in the northern Great Barrier Reef was funded by the Australian Government, for the southern Great Barrier Reef by Greening Australia, and for Torres Strait by SmartState. Research support Adam Canning Senior Research Officer adam.canning@jcu.edu.au Norm Duke Senior Research Scientist norman.duke@jcu.edu.au Research leads

Aerial surveys reveal extensive data on dugong populations, movement, and habitat use in Queensland's Great Barrier Reef, Moreton Bay, Hervey Bay, the Gulf of Carpentaria, and Western Australia's Shark Bay, Ningaloo, and Exmouth Gulf. Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Gulf of Carpentaria, Western Australia Location Our scientists are using aerial surveys to collect important data on dugong populations, abundance, movement patterns, and habitat use. Surveys cover areas in Queensland’s Great Barrier Reef, Moreton Bay, Hervey Bay, the Gulf of Carpentaria, and Western Australia’s Shark Bay, Ningaloo, and Exmouth Gulf. Cameras on aircraft are paving the way for artificial intelligence to enhance population monitoring. Key points Large scale monitoring of dugong populations across northern Australia BACK Dugong population trends and declines in Australia Australia is home to the world's largest dugong population, with about 150,000 dugongs. Habitats for this marine mammal stretch across northern Australia from Moreton Bay through Queensland’s Great Barrier Reef, Torres Strait, the Gulf of Carpentaria, and Western Australia. Over the last two decades, declining dugong populations in some areas have raised concerns about the species' long-term health, especially in southern Queensland. Monitoring dugongs on a large scale is needed to provide insights into population trends, abundance, and distribution. This data can determine the abundance and distribution of dugongs. It provides information on areas where populations may be struggling and offers insights into potential causes of declines, helping governments and managers to address threats and prevent further declines. Monitoring dugong populations with aerial surveys and artificial intelligence Our science team, along with collaborators, conducts ongoing surveys in Queensland’s Great Barrier Reef, Moreton Bay, and Hervey Bay; Western Australia’s Shark Bay, Ningaloo, and Exmouth Gulf; and the Gulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait. Historically, aerial surveys relied on trained observers to manually count dugongs from aircraft across hundreds of kilometres of coastlines. In recent surveys, scientists use cutting-edge cameras attached to planes to capture thousands of images. This technology, combined with artificial intelligence, has the potential to revolutionise our ability to track and monitor marine species with accuracy and efficiency. Most areas in the Australian dugong range are surveyed about every five years, providing a snapshot of trends in dugong numbers, including calves, and their distribution across vast areas. Key initiatives of the program include: Conduct large-scale surveys at regular intervals over the long term to assess dugong population and distribution trends across vast areas. Survey each region with consistent methods to ensure data consistency. Develop artificial intelligence to enhance monitoring and data analysis. Provide data to managers to help address threats and prevent further declines. Queensland: dugong population and trends In Queensland, surveys stretched from Cape York to Moreton Bay, covering almost 2,000 kilometres. A report from surveys conducted from Mission Beach to Moreton Bay was released in 2023, with the Cape York to Cairns report due late 2024. The 2022 Dugong Aerial Survey: Mission Beach to Moreton Bay report revealed concerning trends in dugong populations. The surveys spanned from Mission Beach to Bundaberg in the Great Barrier Reef, Hervey Bay in the Great Sandy Strait, and Moreton Bay, located north of Brisbane. Key findings include: Surveys confirm a persistent decline in dugong numbers, especially in the southern section of the reef from the Whitsundays to Bundaberg. This decline is estimated at 2.3% annually since 2005. Low number of calves observed indicates challenges in reproduction and population sustainability. Areas of stable and relatively high dugong numbers include Hinchinbrook, the Townsville area, and Shoalwater Bay. Hervey Bay stands out with a significant population decline of 5.7% per year between 2005 and 2022. This is due to severe seagrass loss caused by back-to-back flood events in 2022. A re-survey of the area is planned for October 2024. The 2023 report highlights the vulnerability of dugongs to environmental disturbances, especially disruptions to their seagrass habitats, which are their main food source. For the long-term survival of dugongs, healthy seagrass meadows are essential. The report emphasises the urgent need for enhanced engagement between Traditional Owners, scientists and managers to better inform conservation efforts. Western Australia: dugong population trends Aerial surveys were conducted in June 2023 at Shark Bay, Ningaloo and Exmouth Gulf. The report will be released in late 2024. There are known threats occurring in regions that could lead to the decline in dugongs. In the Shark Bay region, increasing heatwaves have changed seagrass habitats and may have impacted populations. In Ningaloo-Exmouth Gulf area there is potential for cumulative natural and human-driven impacts, including urbanisation and industrialisation and boating activity. Gulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait dugong population survey The Gulf of Carpentaria was surveyed in late 2025, with the region previously surveyed in 2007. The Torres Strait, the dugong capital of the world, has not been surveyed since 2007 and funding discussions are underway to resurvey this area. Funders These projects are funded by Great Barrier Reef Foundation, National Environmental Science Program, and the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. Collaborators include Charles Darwin University, Edith Cowan University, Aeroglobe, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, and Traditional Owners. Research support Christophe Cleguer Principal Research Officer – Marine Megafauna Group Leader christophe.cleguer@jcu.edu.au Research leads

We are partnering with Indigenous Rangers across northern Australia to co-design seagrass monitoring programs, conduct baseline surveys, and build capacity in key skills for ongoing Ranger-led monitoring. Northern Australia Location We are partnering with Indigenous Rangers across northern Australia to provide hands-on skills training and online resources to establish Ranger-led seagrass monitoring programs. These programs will increase our understanding of seagrass communities across northern Australia and contribute to Ranger-led management of Sea Country. Training videos and guides developed as part of this project will become publicly available resources to support current and future Ranger-led seagrass monitoring. Key points Establishing Ranger-led seagrass monitoring programs BACK Seagrass in northern Australia Northern Australia’s seagrass meadows stretch from Queensland’s tropical north and Torres Strait, across the Gulf of Carpentaria, and along the Northern Territory and northern Western Australian coastlines. They provide a range of valuable ecosystem services, from storing carbon and supporting fisheries to offering habitats to many threatened species, such as dugongs and turtles. But seagrasses face many threats, and monitoring the distribution and condition of these meadows can guide conservation and management efforts. Many of these meadows lie in remote regions, where Indigenous Ranger groups are well-positioned to lead monitoring and management of these habitats while building on existing connections Sea Country. For these Ranger-led programs to be effective, a consistent and comprehensive approach to monitoring is needed to support long-term investment. This includes maintaining up-to-date resources and ongoing skills training in monitoring tools and methods. Co-design for sustainable monitoring We are partnering with Indigenous Ranger groups across northern Australia to co-design seagrass monitoring programs. This is a highly coordinated approach, involving baseline surveys using helicopters, drones, and boats, training in standardised monitoring methods, and resources and reference guides to support ongoing, sustainable Ranger-led monitoring. Hands-on training in survey methods include: Helicopter surveys – for surveying large areas of intertidal seagrass, to establish a baseline and select intertidal monitoring locations. Drone surveys – for surveying small areas of intertidal seagrass, as a more affordable and accessible alternative to helicopter surveys. Walking transects – for surveying areas of intertidal seagrass that are exposed at low tide, where safe to do so. Boat-based towed and drop cameras – for surveying subtidal (submerged) seagrass habitats. Boat -based van Veen grabs – for surveying subtidal (submerged) seagrass habitats when visibility is low. Our researchers are also providing training in GIS skills to assess and manage collected monitoring data. Establishing these Ranger-led monitoring programs will support Traditional Owner decision-making about local resources and management of Sea Country, including dugong and turtle management plans, help protect culturally and ecologically important habitats and species, and strengthen planning for long-term change. Resources for training and engagement We are developing visual and written guides to seagrass monitoring methods and species identification for northern Australia. These training materials will be valuable reference guides for partner Ranger groups undertaking monitoring and be made publicly available for others interested in establishing monitoring programs. Training materials will include videos developed with a professional filmmaker as well as posters, flyers, and written manuals. Filming for training materials took place throughout 2025 with partner Ranger groups on Sea Country. Project details These projects are led by Dr Alex Carter and Dr Catherine Collier. Baseline surveys and monitoring programs are in partnership with Angkamuthi, Gangalidda-Garawa, Girringun, Karajarri, Kaurareg, Marra, South East Arnhem Land, Tiwi Islands, Torres Strait, Wellesley Islands, Wuthathi, and Yanyuwa Traditional Owners and Rangers. Training materials are being developed in partnership with Girringun, Karajarri, Marra, and Torres Strait Traditional Owners and Rangers with funding from the National Environmental Science Program, the Northern Territory government, and the Great Barrier Reef Foundation. Research support Alex Carter Principal Research Officer alexandra.carter@jcu.edu.au Catherine Collier Principal Research Officer catherine.collier@jcu.edu.au Research leads

From sampling methods to laboratory analysis, we are advancing eDNA science to solve environmental challenges more effectively and enable communities to engage in monitoring using eDNA. Northern Australia Location Environmental DNA (eDNA) is transforming how we detect plants and animals in the environment – without even sighting the target species. Refining and advancing these methods is necessary to maximise their usefulness. We are advancing eDNA science by improving how samples are collected in the field and how they are analysed in our lab, with a focus on developing methods for northern Australia’s unique environments. These advances are helping solve environmental challenges more effectively and opening more opportunities for communities to take part in environmental monitoring. Key points Advancing eDNA science BACK Unlocking the potential of eDNA Environmental DNA (eDNA) detects species using the tiny genetic traces left behind in water or soil. This approach offers major advantages over traditional ecological monitoring, which is often costly and requires seeing or capturing species and spending long hours in the field. But eDNA methods are still evolving. Many techniques have been designed specifically for cooler climates, and sample collection requires specialised training. We are dedicated to improving the way we use eDNA to reach the full potential of this technique. From sampling through to analysis We are continuously developing the methods we use to collect eDNA samples in the field and analyse them in our laboratory. Our team specialises in improving how samples are collected and preserved to make eDNA techniques feasible in hot and remote environments. Improving sample collection Our team has made eDNA sampling easier so communities and citizen scientists can collect water samples with minimal training. Existing sampling methods require large volumes of water to be collected, filtered, and refrigerated before being analysed. Our method uses small tubes – or larger jars for sampling rivers and lakes – containing a preservative. These samples are less vulnerable to contamination and do not need to be refrigerated, making this method suitable to use in the tropics. We have created user-friendly eDNA sampling kits using our simplified method and distributed these to community partners and Indigenous Ranger groups. These kits enable easy sample collection in remote locations across northern Australia, creating opportunities for citizen science programs and community-led monitoring to use eDNA. Developing assays for northern Australia We have developed a range of specific tests (assays) for species of management concern in northern Australia, allowing us to detect them using eDNA for conservation and biosecurity monitoring. We have developed assays for the following invasive species in the region: Cane toads. Cabomba (fanwort). Mozambique tilapia. Spotted tilapia. Electric ants and tropical fire ants. Ornamental fish species (Siamese fighting fish, southern platyfish, green swordtail, sailfin molly, and walking catfish). We have also developed assays for these endangered species: Sawfish, including largetooth sawfish, dwarf sawfish, longcomb sawfish, and knifetooth sawfish. Dugong. Rainforest frogs, including Australian lacelid frog, armoured mistfrog, and torrent frog. Freshwater turtles, including Daintree snapping turtle, Irwin’s turtle, white-throated snapping turtle, and the Gulf snapping turtle. Marine turtles, including hawksbill turtle. Innovative research Our team is leading research projects that push the boundaries of how eDNA techniques can solve environmental challenges. Examples include detecting terrestrial invasive species by sampling nearby waterways (https://www.tropwater.com/projects/edna-technology-revolutionises-invasive-species-biosecurity) and investigating dugong diets using eDNA in dugong poo (https://www.tropwater.com/projects/assessing-dugong-poo-using-edna). Every new project refines the methods we use and advances our knowledge of what can be achieved with eDNA. Project details These projects are led by Dr Cecilia Villacorta-Rath and Dr Damien Burrows with funding from the National Environmental Science Program Northern Australia Environmental Resources Hub, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Department of Primary Industries, Queensland, Great Barrier Reef Foundation, and Department of the Environment, Tourism, Science and Innovation, Queensland. Research support Cecilia Villacorta-Rath Senior Research Officer cecilia.villacortarath@jcu.edu.au Damien Burrows Director, TropWATER Founder damien.burrows@jcu.edu.au Research leads

We are working with Traditional Owners to deploy temperature loggers to measure thermal risk to inshore seagrass, and developing a model to predict areas of seagrass most at risk of thermal stress from high temperatures. Cape York to Gladstone Location High temperatures pose a serious threat to seagrass health, but we need on-the-ground data to know what temperatures are reached and to find inshore areas that are likely at risk. We are working with Traditional Owners to deploy temperature loggers at locations throughout the inshore Great Barrier Reef and will use the data to develop a model for predicting areas of seagrass most at risk of thermal stress. Findings can be used to respond to high-risk temperature events, understand what is causing changes in seagrass meadow condition, and underpin management strategies such as prioritising areas for restoration. Key points Thermal risk for inshore seagrass on the Great Barrier Reef BACK Heat stress for seagrass Climate change threatens the health of seagrass meadows in multiple ways, including increasing sea surface temperatures. High temperatures cause thermal stress by impacting processes like photosynthesis, causing leaves to burn and reducing growth, abundance, and overall resilience. Inshore seagrasses in shallow waters are at greater risk of being exposed to very high temperatures than those in deeper waters. Current spatial temperature data does not represent the variability occurring in shallow inshore environments along the Great Barrier Reef. In-water measured data is needed to quantify the dynamic changes and extremes in these environments where seagrass meadows are widespread. Deploying loggers for temperature monitoring We are partnering with Traditional Owners and Land and Sea Rangers from nine First Nations groups to deploy loggers in shallow inshore seagrass habitats between far northern Cape York and Gladstone. The project involves: Working with Traditional Owners to co-design the sampling strategy for each site. Collecting temperature data at 10 locations, from temperature loggers recording every 10 minutes. Measuring temperature across a gradient of exposure from never or rarely exposed to the air (deeper water) to more frequently exposed and higher up the shore (shallower water). Developing a model of thermal risk. Results of high temperatures for inshore seagrass The team found that temperatures changed throughout the day by up to 20°C, with the highest variability generally at the most frequently exposed sites (closer to shore). Temperature generally varied less and had shorter exposure to high temperatures at sites that were rarely exposed (furthest from shore). This monitoring is ongoing and will continue to 2026. The data will be used to develop and validate a model predicting thermal stress to seagrass. This will identify thermal stress hotspots, helping to pinpoint the extent and location of inshore seagrass areas most at risk on the Great Barrier Reef. Project details This project is led by Dr Catherine Collier, with support from Hayley Brien, Nicki Wilson, Lucas Langlois, Len McKenzie and Traditional Owners. This project is funded by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. Banner image: Kathy of Wuthathi Land and Sea Rangers photographed by TropWATER. Images: Photos of Yuku Baja Muiliku Land and Sea Rangers are by Jazmin Ford of Yuku Baja Muiliku Land and Sea Rangers. Photos of Gidarjil Land and Sea Rangers and Darumbal Land and Sea Rangers are by Nicki Wilson of TropWATER. Hayley Brien Research Worker hayley.brien@jcu.edu.au Nicki Wilson Research Worker nicki.wilson@jcu.edu.au Lucas Langlois Research Officer lucas.langlois@jcu.edu.au Len McKenzie Principal Research Officer len.mckenzie@jcu.edu.au Research support Catherine Collier Principal Research Officer catherine.collier@jcu.edu.au Research leads

Our rapid visual surveys mapped 3,500 km² of benthic fauna and seagrass in five reef lagoons of the Coral Sea Marine Park, leading to further research on potential fish nurseries in deepwater marine vegetation areas. Coral Sea Location The Coral Sea Marine Park supports rich marine biodiversity but the habitats and fish assemblages of reef lagoons within the marine park have never been mapped, presenting challenges for management. Our researchers mapped around 3,500 square kilometres on a 15-day voyage to investigate the different benthic habitats inside the reef lagoons of five vast reef systems in the Coral Sea Marine Park. Results from this project will provide insights into a range of benthic habitats in the Coral Sea Marine Park and serve as a ground-truth to improve satellite mapping and modelling of biodiversity in the Marine Park. Key points Reef lagoon benthic habitat mapping in the Coral Sea Marine Park BACK Data needed on benthic habitats The Coral Sea Marine Park spans over 980,000 square kilometres and hosts highly diverse habitats that sustains rich species diversity. As one of Australia’s newest marine parks, the region lacks baseline data on its reef lagoons, habitats, and species. This information is critical for effective management, and identifying areas of high benthic habitat diversity will assist managers in prioritising areas for conservation. Mapping benthic habitats in the Coral Sea Marine Park Our team is identifying and mapping benthic habitat diversity inside the reef lagoons of the Coral Sea Marine Park. These will be the first benthic habitat maps inside the lagoons based on data collected in the field and will form a crucial baseline dataset for monitoring future changes. In 2022, the team covered around 3,500 square kilometres on a 15-day voyage. The following methods were used for benthic mapping: In-field assessments using a drop-camera to depths of up to 85 meters, with cameras dropped at 492 locations. Data recording and re-analysis in CoralNet to identify to genera when possible, with 2,280 images uploaded to CoralNet. Use of ArcGIS to produce benthic habitat area maps. Our team is also identifying fish community assemblages within the reef lagoons to investigate whether different species are found at different depths, and to understand how species use a range of habitats. To record fish community assemblages, our researchers: Deployed Remote Underwater Video Stations (RUVS) in deep water and shallow water to record fish species presence. Analysed this video footage using Event Measures software. This multi-method approach will deliver several key outcomes: Production of the first benthic habitat maps inside the reef lagoons, based on data collected in-field. These maps will provide baseline data to measure changes over time, such as habitat loss or gain. Collection of the first-ever seagrass herbarium specimens from the Coral Sea Marine Park, to be kept in the Canberra herbarium. This will provide readily accessible genetic samples for future seagrass connectivity research. Insights into the difference in fish community assemblages between deep and shallow water inside the reef lagoon. This will provide baseline data on species presence at different depths and enhance our understanding of habitat use. A snapshot of reef lagoon habitats Surveys completed to date have provided valuable insights into a range of species living in varied benthic habitats in these reef lagoons. Our researchers found that all reef lagoons surveyed had vast, complex macroalgae beds, mostly located in deep water. Percent cover of macroalgae was greatest in deep water. Seagrass was recorded to a maximum depth of 63 metres. All reef lagoons surveyed had vast coral gardens. Coral coverage was greatest for hard coral species compared to soft corals. Percent cover varied with water depth and between reef lagoons, with some lagoons showing greater coral cover in deeper water and others in shallow water. Our researchers found more fish to be present in deepwater habitats than shallow waters, but the species of fish were the same regardless of water depth. The results of this project serve as ground-truthing data for satellite mapping of the Coral Sea Marine Park and provide insights into potential areas of higher diversity within these reef lagoons. Further research is needed to improve these baseline datasets to assist in conservation and management of the Marine Park. This should include investigating the age, gender and size of fish inside the reef lagoons to identify fish nurseries. Project details This project is led by Dr Samantha Tol along with Dr Paul York, Professor Michael Rasheed, Dr Robert Coles, Associate Professor Alana Grech, and Professor Andrew Hoey. The project is funded by the Department of Climate Change, Energy, Environment and Water and Parks Australia. Research support Samantha Tol Senior Research Officer samantha.tol@jcu.edu.au Michael Rasheed Principal Research Scientist michael.rasheed@jcu.edu.au Paul York Senior Research Officer Paul.York@jcu.edu.au Rob Coles Principal Research Scientist rob.coles@jcu.edu.au Research leads

Following back-to-back floods, scientists undertook surveys to understand seagrass loss and its impact on dugong and turtles. Hervey Bay, Great Sandy Strait Location Seagrass meadows in the Hervey Bay and Great Sandy Strait region suffered severe damage from consecutive floods, jeopardising crucial food sources for dugongs and turtles. Scientists are conducting continuous surveys to evaluate the enduring impacts of these flood events on seagrass. Initial findings reveal significant declines in seagrass cover and biomass, providing essential baseline data for future trend analysis and restoration planning efforts. Key points Post-flood monitoring of seagrass in Hervey Bay and Great Sandy Strait BACK Back-to-back floods impact seagrass meadows The Great Sandy Strait and Hervey Bay regions have some of the largest and most ecologically important seagrass meadows in eastern Australia. These habitats support dugongs and green turtles as well as much of the region’s marine biodiversity. Floodwater runoff can have severe impacts on the species that rely on these habitats. By carrying large amounts of sediment into the environment, floodwaters can reduce light and potentially smother seagrass meadows. Floods in 1991 led to the loss of over 1000 sq km of seagrass in the Hervey Bay region, significantly impacting dugong populations. In early 2022, major back-to-back floods from the Mary River again carried significant sediment into marine waters, causing significant damage to seagrass meadows resulting in significant mortality of dugongs and sea turtles. This threat prompted scientists to initiate ongoing large-scale surveys to understand the long-term impact of the floods on seagrass meadows. Recent dugong surveys have also shown a large decline in both adult and calf dugong numbers in Hervey Bay. Surveys show ongoing impacts on seagrass since floods In response to the 2022 floods, scientists from JCU TropWATER and rangers from the Department of Environment and Science undertook surveys to understand seagrass loss and its impact on dugong and turtles. To assess the extent of seagrass loss in Hervey Bay and the Great Sandy Strait after the floods, surveys were conducted in 2022, 2023, and 2024 to track recovery. Over 2,300 km2 were surveyed by helicopter and by boat. Surveyed areas were divided into 353 sites based on where seagrass had previously been recorded. 2022 surveys: widespread seagrass declines Immediately after the 2022 floods, 80% of previously recorded seagrass meadows were gone. The remaining meadows showed substantial decline. The surveyed area in Hervey Bay revealed an area of just 744 km2 that retained some seagrass, representing just one third of the previously recorded meadow. The remaining seagrass showed significantly reduced plant cover and biomass, and nearly all seagrass was found in deeper waters. Only one shallow-water meadow remained intact. 2023 surveys: recovery begins Follow-up surveys in 2023 indicated that seagrass recovery is underway. There are concerns that the seagrass ‘seed bank’ was impacted during the floods and could slow regeneration. Results from the 2023 surveys are available here . Recent dugong surveys have also shown a large decline in both adult and calf dugong numbers in Hervey Bay. Read more about the dugong surveys here: https://www.tropwater.com/projects/large-scale-monitoring-of-dugong-populations-across-northern-australia- Data to form the foundation of future restoration strategies Seagrasses form the foundation ecosystem for much of the region's marine biodiversity. Meadows need long-term monitoring and supported restoration efforts so that valuable species are not lost. These surveys will help provide critical data insights, including: Baseline post-flood data for seagrass and dugongs in 2022. This has since been compared to 2023 data and will serve as a point of comparison for future surveys to reveal changes over time. Valuable insights into seagrass ecosystems and the effects of disruption on dugong and sea turtle populations from the 2022 and 2023 surveys. This information will be important for ongoing monitoring under predicted increases in extreme weather events due to climate change. Knowledge of regional-scale seagrass meadow collapse. This will drive research into meadow restoration and propagation techniques by TropWATER scientists. Project details Surveys were funded by the Department of Environment and Science (DES). Research support Michael Rasheed Principal Research Scientist michael.rasheed@jcu.edu.au Paul York Senior Research Officer Paul.York@jcu.edu.au Research leads

We are developing restoration techniques for oyster reefs and Vallisneria, marking the first Vallisneria restoration in Australia and the first oyster reef restoration in the Australian tropics. Cairns Location Oyster reefs and Vallisneria meadows are valuable for water filtration and storing carbon, but these ecosystems have declined in the Russell River catchment. This is the first project trialling the restoration of Vallisneria anywhere in Australia and the first restoration of oyster reefs in the Australian tropics. This project is collecting crucial baseline data to develop restoration techniques for oyster reefs and Vallisneria. Key points Oyster and Vallisneria restoration with Wanjuru-Yidinji Traditional Owners BACK Declines of oysters and Vallisneria in the Russell River catchment Oysters and Vallisneria , a freshwater plant similar to seagrass , are important ecosystem engineers. They filter water, provide habitats for fish and crustaceans, and sequester carbon . Both habitats are believed to play a role in the condition of water quality. Since the 1960s, oyster reefs and Vallisneria meadows have significantly declined in the Russell River catchment, severely impacting these vital ecosystem services. Restoring these habitats is now a priority. But the drivers of oyster and Vallisneria loss and recovery aren’t fully understood. Understanding these influences is critical before attempting restoration. Partnering with rangers for science-based ecosystem restoration Working with Jaragun EcoServices and Wanjuru Rangers, our researchers are trialling the restoration of oyster reefs and Vallisneria in the Russell River catchment. This project is the first to trial the restoration of Vallisneria anywhere in Australia and the first restoration of oyster reefs in the Australian tropics. Baseline surveys are already underway, with experimental field trials likely to commence late 2024. The project involves: Developing and strengthening Wanjuru Ranger skills, abilities, and capabilities for coastal restoration techniques and monitoring. Collecting baseline data on oyster reefs, Vallisneria and environmental conditions in the Russell River catchment. Conducting experimental restoration trials for oyster species and Vallisneria in the Russell River catchment. Maximising the success of restoration Understanding all factors that could influence the success of these restoration efforts, including methodology and ecological drivers, is critical to maximise long-term success. Over two years, scientists and rangers will gather important baseline data on the current distribution of oyster reefs and Vallisneria in the Russell River catchment. This includes environmental conditions, such as water quality and carbon stocks. This data will be critical for guiding, informing and supporting restoration trials. Throughout this project, Wanjuru Rangers will gain the essential skills needed to manage and conserve these habitats, and the ability to help restore oysters and Vallisneria on Country. Project details This project is led by Jaragun EcoServices , with Associate Professor Nathan Waltham providing scientific research. Jaragun EcoServices is a Wanjuru-Yidinji owned and operated Traditional Owner organisation of the catchment. Funding is provided by the Australian Government’s Reef Trust under the Reef Coastal Restoration Program. Research support Nathan Waltham Senior Principal Research Officer nathan.waltham@jcu.edu.au Research leads

We monitor and assess the condition of inshore seagrass meadows across the Great Barrier Reef, providing long-term data essential for managing these habitats. Great Barrier Reef Location We monitor seagrass health across the inshore areas of the Great Barrier Reef to provide critical information for understanding the condition, pressures and drivers of seagrass condition for managers. Our monitoring and assessment of seagrass health spans over 20 years, and includes the assessment of seagrass abundance, reproductive effort, and resilience at 29 locations across the Great Barrier Reef, covering several habitat types. We evaluate environmental pressures and provide insights to inform effective management strategies. Key points Monitoring seagrass health in the Great Barrier Reef BACK Seagrass meadows in the Great Barrier Reef Seagrass meadows are vital for the Great Barrier Reef's health. They provide habitats and food for fish, turtles, and dugongs. Seagrasses also stabilise sediments, improve water quality, and boost the reef's resilience. Seagrass meadows face many threats from both natural and anthropogenic pressures. Extreme weather, physical disturbances, land-based runoff, and high temperatures can harm seagrass health. These factors affect the reef's resilience and biodiversity. These pressures can affect seagrass meadows across the Great Barrier Reef, which can vary in different regions. Monitoring and assessing their health is crucial for marine managers to respond. Monitoring and assessing seagrass meadows Our work is focused on monitoring and assessing the condition of inshore seagrass meadows across the Great Barrier Reef. We provide up-to-date and long-term information to help inform management on the health of seagrass habitats. For over a decade, we have assessed seagrass abundance, reproductive effort, and leaf tissue nutrients at 29 locations across the Great Barrier Reef as part of Seagrass Watch and the Marine Monitoring Program. We assess seagrass condition in four types of habitats including estuarine, coastal intertidal, coastal subtidal, and reef intertidal. Monitoring is conducted across six Natural Resource Management (NRM) regions: Cape York, Wet Tropics, Burdekin, Mackay Whitsunday, Fitzroy and Burnett Mary. Two main indicators, Abundance (percent cover) and Resilience (resistance and recovery potential), are evaluated. Other factors such as seagrass species, meadow size and patchiness, seed bank density, seawater temperature, light availability, sediment characteristics, and the presence of macroalgae and epiphytes are also recorded to provide additional context for assessing seagrass health. We record environmental pressures that can influence seagrass health such as within-canopy water temperature, benthic light, sediment composition, and macroalgae and epiphyte abundance. Our monitoring guides seagrass management Our research provides valuable insights into the extent, health and trends of the status of inshore seagrass meadows. This data guides effective conservation and management strategies. We report trends and conditions in the Great Barrier Reef every year to the Reef Authority, through the Marine Monitoring Program Annual Report. We evaluate how extreme events and multiple pressures over many years affect important Great Barrier Reef habitats. Long-term data allows us to assess the long-term recovery or decline of seagrass habitats that have been influenced by a range of pressures. The data informs the Paddock to Reef Integrated Monitoring, Modelling and Reporting Program , Reef Plan 2050 Water Quality Improvement Plan , Reef 2050 Long-term Sustainability Plan , the five-yearly Outlook Report , and the regional water quality report cards . This comprehensive approach ensures that the data collected supports targeted management strategies to protect and enhance the health of the Great Barrier Reef's vital seagrass ecosystems. Hayley Brien Research Worker hayley.brien@jcu.edu.au Nicki Wilson Research Worker nicki.wilson@jcu.edu.au Research support Catherine Collier Principal Research Officer catherine.collier@jcu.edu.au Len McKenzie Principal Research Officer len.mckenzie@jcu.edu.au Research leads

We are developing a new method to measure dugong health using drone imagery to assess body condition. Cleveland Bay, Moreton Bay Location Understanding the health of dugong populations, and how conditions vary throughout the year, is crucial to effective dugong management and conservation. We are developing a new method using drone-based imagery to measure dugong body condition, allowing for non-invasive, cost-effective assessments of nutritional health. This project will provide valuable baseline data about the nutritional health of dugongs in Cleveland Bay (Townsville region) and other regions where the approach can be applied, including natural seasonal variations in body condition. Key points Investigating dugong health BACK Understanding dugong population health Through our regular large-scale aerial surveys, our researchers have a strong understanding of dugong populations across northern Australia – but we don’t understand how healthy these populations are. Seagrass diebacks, often caused by cyclones and floods, have previously led to dugong starvation and failed calf reproduction. Poor nutrition can delay dugong sexual maturity and reduce their number of calves, significantly slowing population recovery in impacted regions. While we know that dugong energy use and food intake change with the seasons and reproductive cycles, we do not fully understand how this affects their health. Consistent monitoring is key to linking nutrition, reproduction, and environmental changes and to identifying dugong populations that may be struggling. Assessing dugong health using drones Our researchers are pioneering a technique using drone imagery to assess the body condition of dugongs. This approach is non-invasive and affordable, building on the existing use of drones for dugong population counts. As part of doctoral research by Sarah Landeo, the team aims to: Develop and validate different body condition indicators for dugongs based on morphometric measurements from drone-based photogrammetry. Describe the population structure – based on body size – and seasonal variation in body condition of the dugong population of Cleveland Bay over one year. Compare the structure – based on body size – and body condition of dugongs between tropical and subtropical high-density areas with different environmental conditions, from late autumn through to early spring. Investigate regional differences in the body condition of female dugongs and calves in several locations through the species’ geographic range. These findings will provide crucial context for any changes in overall health of this dugong population in the future to inform management and conservation. Identifying declines in dugong body condition may also reveal habitat losses that are not detected through seagrass monitoring. Once the method is refined, our team hopes to work with Traditional Owners across eastern Queensland to establish community-led monitoring programs using this method to measure dugong health. Project details This project is led by Dr Christophe Cleguer and PhD student Sarah Landeo-Yauri, with Frederik Christiansen, Aarhus University. The project is funded by the National Environmental Science Program and the Ecological Society of Australia – Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment Grant. Research support Sarah Landeo Yauri PhD student Christophe Cleguer Principal Research Officer – Marine Megafauna Group Leader christophe.cleguer@jcu.edu.au Research leads

We're facilitating transparent knowledge exchange and enhancing rapport and relationships between science and Traditional Owner groups across the Great Barrier Reef. Great Barrier Reef Location Traditional Owners have a deep connection to the Great Barrier Reef, with dugongs holding strong cultural significance for many people. This program provides a platform for a two-way knowledge exchange including providing a safe space to listen to Traditional Owners sharing knowledge about dugongs, and for scientists to share their findings on dugong health and populations. The goal is to build healthy foundations for future respectful collaborations to fill key dugong knowledge gaps. Key points Dugong Connections BACK Dugongs hold strong cultural significance Dugongs hold deep cultural significance for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples living along the Great Barrier Reef. Their long-held knowledge of dugong habitats and behaviours is vital for effective management. Since the 2000s, dugong monitoring projects in the Great Barrier Reef have primarily relied on aerial surveys and imagery to track population numbers and distribution. While this provided robust science, it offered limited opportunities for engagement with Traditional Owners and for communities to share their knowledge about dugongs. Building strong collaborations with Traditional Owners is key to reshaping the way we approach dugong research, monitoring, and management. Their insights, involvement, and leadership are essential for a more holistic and effective management strategy that respects both cultural and ecological sustainability. Strengthening connections between scientists and Traditional Owners This project brings together Traditional Owners of the Great Barrier Reef and dugong experts from TropWATER to share knowledge on dugong ecology, population health, threats, cultural significance, and sustainable management. Activities focus on building respectful, long-term partnerships that combine Indigenous and Western Knowledge systems to support dugong conservation across the Great Barrier Reef. Step 1: Regional connections Between May and July 2025, workshops in Gimuy (Cairns), Gurrambilbarra (Townsville), and Yipun (Yeppoon) brought together 24 Traditional Owner groups with TropWATER scientists. Co-developed with attendees and an independent facilitator, each workshop created a safe and respectful space to share knowledge and identify priorities for dugong research and management. These workshops set the foundation for ongoing collaboration. Step 2: One-on-one connections Following the workshops, TropWATER scientists are holding follow-up discussions with each Traditional Owner group. These conversations, online, in Gurrumbilbarra (Townsville), or on Country, are shaped by each group’s priorities and protocols. The aim is to co-develop engagement activities that are flexible, tailored, and responsive to community needs. Step 3: Delivery on Country Based on these priorities, TropWATER scientists are collaborating with Traditional Owners to deliver engagement activities on Country. Each activity’s format and delivery are guided by the needs and input of each group. To date, these activities have included: Updates on dugong science (regional or Country-specific), with the possibility of including turtle and seagrass knowledge. Education and outreach programs for school students and communities. Dialogues to co-design future research and capacity-building on dugong ecology, health, and behaviour, drawing on both Indigenous and Western Knowledge systems. Some groups are building on established long-term partnerships with TropWATER, while for others this is the first step towards future collaboration. Project details This project is led by Dr Christophe Cleguer, with support from Dr Melanie Hamel, Dr Emily Webster, and Luisa Schramm. The Dugong Connections Project is funded by the partnership between the Australian Government’s Reef Trust and the Great Barrier Reef Foundation. 'Dugong Connection' artwork by Robert Paul. Emily Webster Research Officer emily.webster1@jcu.edu.au Luisa Schramm Research Worker luisa.schramm@jcu.edu.au Mélanie Hamel Research Officer melanie.hamel@jcu.edu.au Research support Christophe Cleguer Principal Research Officer – Marine Megafauna Group Leader christophe.cleguer@jcu.edu.au Research leads

Our team is developing guideline values that can protect temporary aquatic ecosystems from contaminants. This will inform and improve mine site operations and rehabilitation in the future. Northern Australia Location The team is developing water quality guidelines for detecting and assessing potential environmental impacts in temporary aquatic ecosystems, including contaminants from mining. This project will provide scientific advice to inform and improve mine site operations and rehabilitation under a regulatory government framework. Engaging and collaborating with industry, government, and community stakeholders is central to this project. Key points Monitoring and protection of temporary waters in Northern Australia BACK Understanding the health of temporary waters in Northern Australia Temporary waters are widespread and abundant across northern Australia, yet often undervalued and overlooked. When wet, these ecosystems support a range of organisms like plants, fish, and algae. Their unpredictable wetting and drying cycles make monitoring their health a challenge. Land use in these environments complicates this further. Northern Australia's landscapes are valued for their mineral reserves and rich pastoral land, with mining a key economic activity. The effects of potential contaminants from these activities on temporary waters remain unclear. There is little guidance available for effectively assessing environmental impacts in these ecosystems from mines. Reliable monitoring methods are needed to detect contaminants. Developing guidelines to protect temporary waters from contaminants Our team is using a combination of approaches to develop guideline values that can protect temporary aquatic ecosystems from contaminants. These guidelines will inform and improve mine site operations and rehabilitation in the future. Our different approaches include: Using laboratory (ecotoxicology) approaches to investigate the responses of local organisms – algae, plants, water bugs, and fish –to a selection of contaminants. Making field-based (bio-assessment) observations of local organisms in impacted temporary aquatic ecosystems. Trialling the use of emerging technologies such as environmental DNA to assist with monitoring temporary waters in remote locations. Developing biological monitoring techniques to assess potential impacts from mining and other human activities. Using biological monitoring to confirm the accuracy of ecotoxicological predictions about the effects of contaminants. Synthesising results from laboratory and field analyses to establish site-specific guidelines for water and sediment quality. Application of these guidelines will inform and improve mine site operations and rehabilitation in the future. We report on conditions at partnering mine sites to the Authority as part of their yearly Receiving Environment Monitoring Programs. These reports are Commercial in Confidence. Project details The environmental program is led by principal research scientist Dr Shelley Templeman, and assisted by Chris Williams, Dr Sarah McDonald, Stuart Ballantyne, Madeline McKenzine, and a diverse team of undergraduate student volunteers. The team’s areas of expertise include aquatic ecology, ecotoxicology, environmental engineering, data science, and ecological risk assessment. This project is the amalgamation of various ongoing collaborations with mine sites throughout central north Queensland and the Northern Territory. Collaborative work is also undertaken with colleagues at the Supervising Scientist Branch (DCCEEW) based in the Alligator Rivers Region in the Northern Territory. Sarah McDonald Research Officer sarah.mcdonald@jcu.edu.au Research support Shelley Templeman Principal Research Officer shelley.templeman@jcu.edu.au Research leads

Environmental DNA (eDNA) research plays a vital role in for detecting and monitoring invasive species for biosecurity management. Australia Location eDNA is a fast, cost-effective alternative to traditional methods. It improves biosecurity by detecting low-density and hidden species over large areas. Our eDNA technology allows early detection of invasive species, like yellow crazy ants and Varroa mites. It enables rapid biosecurity response and management to stop their spread. We involve Indigenous Rangers, citizen scientists, and stakeholders in biosecurity monitoring programs. This improves surveillance and reporting accuracy. Key points eDNA technology revolutionises invasive species biosecurity BACK Challenges detecting and managing invasive species Invasive species are a serious threat to ecosystems, native species, and agricultural systems, leading to substantial economic and environmental damage. Early detection and management of invasive species are critical for effective biosecurity measures. Traditional monitoring methods, such as visual surveys, trapping or netting, have many limitations. They can be time-consuming, labour-intensive, require considerable training/experience and cannot detect species over large areas. It can also be difficult to detect low-density, rare species or small cryptic species. These limitations can cause delays in detecting invasive species, allowing them to establish and spread before effective management actions can be implemented. Using environmental DNA technology as an alternative method can fast-track detection and improve biosecurity management efforts. How our eDNA technology is detecting invasive species Environmental DNA (eDNA ) research plays a vital role in for detecting and monitoring invasive species for biosecurity management. Our team are leading efforts to combat invasive species through advancing environmental DNA (eDNA) research, providing a cost-effective and rapid method that can cover large areas. By analysing DNA fragments shed into the environment by a target species, we can detect invasive species early, even before signs of infestation become apparent. Detecting Yellow crazy ants Yellow crazy ants are considered one of the world’s most invasive species, with outbreaks found in Queensland, and more broadly in Australia and the Indo-Pacific. Left untreated, the acid-spraying and voracious ants can increase in density to consist of millions of workers, with a detrimental impact on native fauna. Our eDNA research has developed a world-first environmental DNA (eDNA) method that can detect infestations. of this terrestrial invertebrate from water samples in adjacent waterbodies. We tested and validated eDNA technology in the field, detecting yellow crazy ants even at low populations. We are working towards determining how can eDNA sampling be used for timely identification of yellow crazy ants incursions, enabling rapid response and control measures to prevent further spread. Invasive ants across Great Barrier Reef Islands We are improving monitoring capacity for targeted invasive ants across high-risk islands of the Great Barrier Reef. This includes yellow crazy ants, electric ants, red imported fire ants, tropical fire ants. Our eDNA monitoring of these invasive ant species is detecting early incursions. We are training Indigenous Rangers, citizen scientists, tour operators, and community members to take part in monitoring programs. Our research is utilising rapid detection of target species to prompt eradication efforts, thereby mitigating their impact on native biodiversity. The data generated by the project is prioritising future prevention efforts. Screening of Varroa mites using eDNA technology This project tests the application of environmental DNA (eDNA) methods for invasive honeybee Varroa mites. Utilising eDNA methods, we have established reliable protocols for detecting Varroa mites in honeybee populations. Our research has contributed to the development of portable diagnostic technology, allowing for on-site screening of bees and swift identification of Varroa mite infestations. The application of eDNA technology has enhanced biosecurity measures in beekeeping operations, facilitating early intervention to manage Varroa mite outbreaks. How eDNA research is revolutionising biosecurity Our eDNA research has significantly transformed biosecurity efforts by enabling early detection and effective management of invasive species. This technology enhances biosecurity surveillance through: Developing and implementing robust eDNA methods for detecting priority invasive species such as ants and Varroa mites. Using state-of-the-art lab analysis and portable sequencing devices for rapid, precise screening. Engaging Indigenous Rangers, citizen scientists, and stakeholders in community-based monitoring programs. Collaborating with stakeholders and research partners to streamline field applications and optimise data collection. Supporting proactive conservation and management strategies for swift responses to invasive species incursions. Our innovative methodologies drive significant advancements in biosecurity, paving the way for a more resilient and protected natural environment. Project details Funders include Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment - Advancing Pest Animal and Weed Control Solutions Competitive Grant Round, Great Barrier Reef Foundation - Reef Trust Partnership, and Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment - National Soil Science Challenge. Partners include Townsville City Council, Invasive Species Council, Department of Environment, Science and Innovation, and OzFish Unlimited.Collaborators include Insect Ecology Lab (JCU Cairns), Centre for Tropical Biosecurity (JCU), EcoDNA Laboratory, and University of Canberra. Reports or journals Villacorta-Rath C, Lach L, Andrade-Rodriguez N, Burrows D, Gleeson D, Trujillo-González A (2023) Invasive terrestrial invertebrate detection in water and soil using a targeted eDNA approach. NeoBiota 83: 71-89. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.83.98898 Research support Cecilia Villacorta-Rath Senior Research Officer cecilia.villacortarath@jcu.edu.au Damien Burrows Director, TropWATER Founder damien.burrows@jcu.edu.au Research leads

We are using environmental DNA to understand the distribution of fish species, allowing us to identify structures that act as barriers to fish migration. Northern Australia Location Structures like culverts, weirs, causeways, and tidal gates are common barriers that prevent fish from migrating between freshwater and marine habitats, leading to a decline in fish diversity. Our researchers are using environmental DNA (eDNA) technology to understand the distribution of various fish species in northern Australia, identifying which structures act as barriers to fish migration. This research is helps decision-makers determine how to manage these barriers, whether by removing them or implementing measures to facilitate fish migration. Key points Using eDNA to detect barriers to fish in Australian waterways BACK How fish barriers impact Australian native species Human-made physical barriers like culverts, weirs, causeways and tidal gates are common fish barriers, stopping fish from migrating between freshwater and marine habitats. This loss of connectivity is contributing to a decline in fish diversity. Many Australian fish species need to move between marine and freshwater habitats at different times of the year to feed, reproduce, spawn, access nursery grounds and escape predators. Barramundi in particular struggle with barriers, limiting their ability access essential habitats. In extreme cases, barriers like large weirs and dams can lead to localised extinctions. Thousands of barriers exist in coastal areas, making it critical to understand their effects on fish communities. Determining the fish communities that have been able to make it past these barriers is key to understanding their effects on Australian native fish. Identifying fish barriers with eDNA TropWATER scientists are using eDNA technology to revolutionise how we identify problematic fish barriers in Australian waterways. The technology uses water samples to detect genetic material left in the water, such as mucus, scales, and other residues, without capturing or sighting the species. These methods help scientists quickly see if key fish, such as barramundi, can migrate past these barriers, and if it's harming fish diversity. This is pinpointing which structures block fish passage for fish migration and survival, providing critical data to support better management. Detecting fish species upstream from such structures using eDNA methods could give an idea of whether these are impeding fish migration. Monitoring and management With eDNA technology, managers can make informed decisions about barrier removal or modification, ensuring better connectivity for fish populations. eDNA methods allow for more accurate environmental impact assessments by providing precise data on fish presence and migration patterns. This data helps organisations and environmental managers who need to identify problematic barriers and develop strategies to mitigate their impacts. This approach not only enhances fish diversity but also supports the sustainability of freshwater and marine ecosystems in northern Australia. Research support Cecilia Villacorta-Rath Senior Research Officer cecilia.villacortarath@jcu.edu.au Damien Burrows Director, TropWATER Founder damien.burrows@jcu.edu.au Research leads

We are using eDNA to detect the presence of invasive fish in waterways. Queensland, New South Wales Location Invasive species such as introduced tilapia are out-competing native Australian fish, particularly in the tropics. Environmental DNA (eDNA) is an important tool for detecting and understanding the distribution of invasive fish in Australian waters. We have developed a highly reliable assay for detecting tilapia and are working to detect other potentially problematic species. Key points Using eDNA as a surveillance tool for invasive fish BACK Invasive fish species displacing Australian native fish Invasive fish species are a major problem in Australian waterways. This is especially true in the tropics, where tropical species from the aquarium trade thrive in the warm water. Spotted Tilapia (Tilapia mariae ) and Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus ) were introduced as aquarium fish and are considered the most problematic invasive fish in Queensland. Tilapia are out-competing and displacing native Australian fish through efficient breeding strategies, aggressive behaviour, and flexibility around habitat, diet, temperature, salinity, and oxygen levels. Tilapia are now present in 21 of 76 catchments in Queensland. Detecting and understanding new invasive species is key, and vital for effective management. But, collecting this data across catchments is challenging. Environmental DNA (eDNA ) is a promising tool for detecting these species in our waterways. Using eDNA to track invasive fish in Australian waterways Our team are using eDNA to detect the presence of invasive fish in waterways. This technology allows us to determine their distribution, map high-risk areas, and then target these areas for routine surveillance. eDNA technology detects genetic material left in waterways, such as mucus, scales, and other residues. We collect water samples and analyse them in our laboratory for the gene sequences of the fish species present. The eDNA assays developed at TropWATER have a high reliability of detection. They have been used to understand the distribution of tilapia in the Mitchell, Townsville, Fitzroy, Pioneer, Wild, and Walsh catchments in Queensland, as well as a recent incursion in northern New South Wales, and undertaking invasive fish monitoring in the Murray-Darling catchment and northern islands of the Torres Strait. Scientists have also developed eDNA primers for two potentially problematic invasive species: the climbing perch (Anabas testudineus ) and snakeheads (Channa striata ). The team are using these primers to detect early incursions into northern islands of the Torres Strait. Another species of biosecurity concern is sleepy cod (Oxyeleotris lineolatus ), which despite being endemic to north Queensland, has spread outside of its natural range and can have negative impacts on new ecosystems. The team has developed a primer targeting this species and is using it to detect incursions in the Georgina-Diamantina catchment. To stop the further spread of invasive fish species to new catchments, it is critical to detect new populations early. Using eDNA techniques will play a key role in this. eDNA techniques for effective invasive species management The ongoing work at TropWATER is crucial for bridging the gap between scientific research and practical management actions. By continuing to refine our eDNA methods and expanding our monitoring efforts, we aim to provide science-based solutions that support effective management strategies. This approach helps managers make informed decisions on where to allocate resources and implement control measures, preserving native fish and keeps Australia's water healthy. Research support Cecilia Villacorta-Rath Senior Research Officer cecilia.villacortarath@jcu.edu.au Damien Burrows Director, TropWATER Founder damien.burrows@jcu.edu.au Research leads